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Geography Case studies > Restless Earth > Flashcards

Restless Earth Flashcards

1
Q

Fold Mountains case study:

Where are the Andes found?

A

SOUTH AMERICA

They stretch across the length of the continent

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2
Q

Fold Mountains case study:

Describe how the Andes are used for FARMING.

A

-Subsistence farmers grow a variety of crops on the steep slopes (eg potatoes) on terraces.

TERRACES (steps cut into hillsides to create areas of flat land) are used. Terraces retain water in an area that receives little & limit downward movement of soil.

-Most crops are grown in the lower valleys, including cash crops, eg cotton, soybeans, rice.

-Llamas are synonymous with the Andes…
Males- Pack animals, transporting materials.
Females- meat, milk, wool is used in clothes +rugs.

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3
Q

Fold Mountains case study:

Describe how the Andes are used for MINING.

A

The Andes is rich in materials- tin, nickel, silver, gold.

More than half of Peru’s exports are from mining.
Yanacocha gold mine is the largest in the world.
It has lead to expansions of the town of Cajamarca from 30,000 (when the mine began) to around 300,000 in 2010. Brings jobs.

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4
Q

Fold Mountains case study:

Describe how the Andes are used to create HEP.

A

Steep slopes and narrow valleys are an advantage:

  • narrow valleys can be more easily damned
  • steep relief encourages the rapid fall of water needed to turn turbines.

Peru has a number of schemes, including:
Yuncan project
El Platanal project (began to generate electricity in 2009)

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5
Q

Fold Mountains case study:

Describe how the Andes are an attraction for tourists.

A

High mountains provide spectacular scenery of:
high peaks, valleys, lakes, glaciers.

Ancient areas of settlement:
Macchu Picchu and the Inca trail (45 km trek in the mountains)

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6
Q

LEDC volcano case study:

When was the Nyriagongo Volcano?

A

17th January 2002

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7
Q

LEDC volcano case study:

Where is the Nyriagongo Volcano?

A

Nyriagongo, East Africa, Next to Rwanda

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8
Q

LEDC volcano case study:

What was the Nyriagongo Volcano?

A

A volcano caused by CONSTRUCTIVE plate boundaries.

Lava reached speeds of 60kph.

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9
Q

LEDC volcano case study:

What were the PRIMARY effects of the Nyriagongo volcano?

A
  • lava reached 60kph
  • lava flowed across the runway at Goma airport
  • lava destroyed many homes and roads (30% of the city was destroyed)

-45 deaths in the first 24 hours.

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10
Q

LEDC volcano case study:

What were the secondary effects of the Nyriagongo volcano?

A

Half a million people fled to Rwanda to escape the lava.🏃🏽🔥🗻

There was a spread of CHOLERA due to lack of sanitation.💧😷

Looting was a problem.

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11
Q

LEDC volcano case study:

What were the responses to the Nyriagongo volcano?

A

Aid agencies, including Christian Aid and Oxfam distributed food, medicine and blankets.

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12
Q

MEDC volcano case study:

When did Eyjafjallajökull erupt?

A

March 2010

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13
Q

MEDC volcano case study:

Where is Eyjafjallajökull?

A

Southern Iceland, on the mid Atlantic ridge.

125km south east of the capital Reykjavik.

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14
Q

MEDC volcano case study:

What was the Eyjafjallajökull eruption?

A

It was a volcano at a CONSTRUCTIVE plate boundary.

Eruptions occurred for 2 months.
March eruptions were mostly lava (lower impact)

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15
Q

MEDC volcano case study:

What were the local impacts of Eyjafjallajökull?

A

800 people were evacuated.

Homes, roads and services damaged.

Local Flood defences needed repairs.

Ash coated agricultural land.🗻🌫🌱

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16
Q

MEDC volcano case study:

What were the national impacts of Eyjafjallajökull?

A

Tourism was affected- the number of tourists declined in Summer 2010, effecting the economy.

Roads were washed away by floods.

Agricultural production was affected, as crops are smothered in ash.

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17
Q

MEDC volcano case study:

What were the international impacts of Eyjafjallajökull?

A

100,000 European flights were cancelled in 8 days due to the ash cloud. ✈️❌

Industries lacked raw materials for production.

Many people couldn’t take part in the Boston marathon.

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18
Q

Supervolcano case study:

Describe the likely worldwide effects of a Super volcano eruption.

A
  • One in three people will be killed within 1000km of an eruption.
  • Buildings would collapse in this area due to the weight of the ash.
  • This would also wound planes and make road transport difficult.
  • Livestock would die as they would choke on hot ash.
  • The U.K Would see the arrival of the ash around 5 days later.
  • This ash would circle the Earth, changing the climate.
  • Temperatures would fall by around 10 degrees, making it difficult to grow food in many areas.
  • Certain parts of Northern Europe would be covered in snow for 3 years🌨, so no crops could be produced.
19
Q

MEDC Earthquake case study:

When was Kobe Earthquake?

A

17th January 1995

20
Q

MEDC Earthquake case study:

Where was the Kobe Earthquake?

A

Kobe, Japan

21
Q

MEDC Earthquake case study:

What was the Kobe Earthquake?

A

An Earthquake at a destructive plate boundary…
Between Philippines and Eurasion plates.

7.2 on the Richter scale.
Ground moved 18cm horizontally and 12cm vertically.
Shaking lasted 20 seconds.

22
Q

MEDC Earthquake case study:

What were the short term effects of the Kobe Earthquake?

A

6434 deaths.

Injured over 40,000 people.

200,000 buildings destroyed.

300,000 people made homeless.

1 million people without water for 10 days.

23
Q

MEDC Earthquake case study:

What were the long term effects of the Kobe earthquake?

A

Hospitals struggled to cope.

Railways took 1 month to be 80% operational.

Road networks took over 6 months to be restored.

The economy suffered significantly as a result of the damage.

The port was 80% operational after a year, but much of the container shipping business had been lost.

24
Q

MEDC Earthquake case study:

What were the responses to the Kobe earthquake?

A

Major retailers eg SEVEN-ELEVEN helped to provide essentials.7️⃣-1️⃣1️⃣

Motorola maintained telephone connections free of charge. 📞💸

New buildings were built further apart to prevent the domino effect.

High rises needed flexible steel frames or concrete reinforced with steel.

Rubber blocks were used in Bridges to absorb shocks.

25
Q

LEDC Earthquake case study:

When was Haiti Earthquake?

A

January 12th 2010

26
Q

LEDC Earthquake case study:

Where was Haiti Earthquake?

A

Haiti, the Caribbean

27
Q

LEDC Earthquake case study:

What was Haiti Earthquake?

A

An Earthquake at a constructive plate boundary
(Caribbean and North American plates)

A build up of friction between the Caribbean North American plates.

Magnitude of 7.0 on Richter scale.

28
Q

LEDC Earthquake case study:

What were the primary affects of Haiti earthquake?

A

220,000 deaths

300,000 people injured

1.3 million Haitians displaced

180,000 homes destroyed

Over 2 million people effected.

8 hospitals damaged/ collapsed.

Main shipping port damaged

Government buildings including the presidential palace destroyed.

Roads blocked

29
Q

LEDC Earthquake case study:

What were the secondary effects of Haiti earthquake?

A

Over 2 million Haitians without food/ water

Looting

Police force collapsed

Tourist industry declined

Cholera outbreaks

30
Q

LEDC Earthquake case study:

What were the short term responses to Haiti Earthquake?

A

SHORT TERM:
Search and rescue
Sniffer dogs
Heat sensitive equipment used to find bodies.
AID- food, water, blankets… from the USA

31
Q

LEDC Earthquake case study:

What were the long term responses to Haiti Earthquake?

A

3/4 buildings repaired

200,000 people received cash or food for rubble clearing.

World bank pledged $100 million

32
Q

Tsunami case study:

When was the Boxing Day Tsunami?

A

26th December 2004

33
Q

Tsunami case study:

Where was the Boxing Day tsunami?

A

Indian Ocean

34
Q

Tsunami case study:

Why did the Boxing Day tsunami occur?

A

Caused by an earthquake at a DESTRUCTIVE plate margin, measuring 9.1 on the Richter scale.

The Earthquake was the movement of the Indo-Australian plate subduction below the Eurasian plate. The quake caused the seafood uplift, displacing the sea water above.

35
Q

Tsunami case study:

What was the Boxing Day Tsunami?

A

A tsunami that measured less than 1m in height.

Travelled at speeds up to 800km per hour.

When the tsunami reached shores, wave height increased to 15m in some areas.

36
Q

Tsunami case study:

What were the short term effects of the Boxing Day tsunami?

A

230,000 deaths

Over 1.7 million lost homes

Infrastructure of many countries severely damaged.

5-6 million people needed emergency food, water and medical supplies.

37
Q

Tsunami case study:

What were the long term effects of the Boxing Day tsunami?

A

International countries provided short term aid- water purification tablets, medical supplies, housing.

Massive economic damage- islands reliant on tourism (eg Maldives) or fishing had to rebuild industries.

Environmental damage- salt from the seawater stopped plant growth.

38
Q

Tsunami case study:

What were the short term responses to the Boxing Day Tsunami?

A

Hundreds of millions of pounds pledged by foreign governments charities and individuals:
to give food water and medical attention

Foreign countries sent ships, planes, soldiers and specialists to help rescue, distribute supplies and clear up.

39
Q

Tsunami case study:

What were the long term responses to the Boxing Day Tsunami?

A

Billions pledged to rebuild infrastructure.

Early warning system between countries surrounding Indian Ocean has been set up.

Disaster management plans out into place in some countries- volunteers have been trained.

40
Q

Fold Mountains case study:

What are the Andes?

A
  • The Andes is a range of young fold mountains.
  • Formed around 65 million years ago.
  • The longest range of fold mountains in the world (7000km)
  • Around 300km in width
  • Average height of 4000m.
41
Q

MEDC volcano case study:

What were the immediate responses to Eyjafjallajökull?

A
  • Hundreds of people evacuated their farms and villages.

- Rescuers came

42
Q

MEDC volcano case study:

What were the long term responses to Eyjafjallajökull?

A

Research into finding better ways of monitoring ash concentrations and improving forecast models.

43
Q

MEDC volcano case study:

What were the positive impacts of Eyjafjallajökull?

A
  • Eyjafjallajökull=new Icelandic tourist attraction with its own visitor centre.—> benefits to local people and industries.
  • Lava and ash are rich in nutrients, making the souls very fertile and good for agricultural use.
  • Rocks can be used for building
  • Geothermal energy can be used to produce electricity and provide hot water for industrial processes.
  • Small quantities of valuable minerals (eg copper, gold, silver, lead, zinc) are often found in volcanic regions.

Geography Case studies (3 decks)

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