Retake

Question 1

Angiotensin II directly increases water reabsorption in which tubule?

Answer 1

the proximal tubule

Question 2

Aldosterone directly increases water reabsorption in which tubule?

Answer 2

the distal tubule

Question 3

Aldosterone is produced by which organ?

Answer 3

the adrenal cortex

Question 4

Aldosterone acts to increase the expression and activity of which transporters?

Answer 4

ENaCs and Na/K-ATPases

Question 5

What kind of transporter is the Na/H transporter?

Answer 5

an antiport

Question 6

Bicarb reabsorption from the tubular lumen requires what transporter activity?

Answer 6

Na/H antiport to supply protons for carbonic anhydrase

Question 7

Ca-ATPases are located on which surface of tubular epithelial cells?

Answer 7

the basolateral

Question 8

Which tubular epithelial cells are primarily responsible for regulating pH?

Answer 8

intercalated cells in the distal and collecting tubules

Question 9

Describe proton and bicarb movement across the tubular epithelim in a state of acidosis.

Answer 9

• protons derived from CO2 by intracellular carbonic anhydrase are pumped into the tubular lumen by H-ATPases and H/K-ATPases
• the bicarb produced by carbonic anhydrase is reabsorbed through the Cl/3HCO3- antiport

Question 10

Describe proton and bicarb movement across the tubular epithelium in a state of alkalosis.

Answer 10

• carbonic anhydrase splits CO2 in intercalated cells
• protons are reabsorbed by H-ATPases and H/K-ATPases on the basolateral surface
• bicarb is excreted via Cl/3HCO2- antiports no the apical surface

Question 11

What three compounds are used to buffer urine?

Answer 11

bicarb, ammonia, and phosphate

Question 12

Give the equation for the UAG. What is considered normal?

Answer 12

Na + K - Cl with a negative value being normal

Question 13

What is furosemide?

Answer 13

a loop diurective that blocks NKCC transporters

Question 14

What are thiazides?

Answer 14

Na/Cl transport inhibitors that function in the distal tubule

Question 15

Thiazides are best used for what clinical purposes?

Answer 15

long-term use of a diurectic given their limited SEs

Question 16

What is spironolactone?

Answer 16

a K-sparing diuretic that acts on aldosterone and Na/K-ATPases in the collecting tubule

Question 17

What is acetazolamide?

Answer 17

a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Question 18

Where does acetazolamide fucntion?

Answer 18

the proximal tubule

Question 19

Acetazolamide blocks reabsorption of what molecule?

Answer 19

bicarbonate

Question 20

What is mannitol?

Answer 20

an osmotic diuretic

Question 21

In which clinical scenario would you use mannitol?

Answer 21

the acute treatment of severe edema

Question 22

Clearance of a substance that is subject to reabsorption ___ as the concentration of that substance increases?

Answer 22

clearance increases

Question 23

Give the equation for estimating tubular reabsorption.

Answer 23

GFR x P - U x V

Question 24

Give the equation for estimating tubular secretion.

Answer 24

U x V - GFR x P

Question 25

How do we estimate renal plasma flow?

Answer 25

using the clearance of PAH

Question 26

How do we estimate renal blood flow?

Answer 26

RPF/1-hematocrit

Question 27

Which renal neoplasia is often exacerbated by pregnancy?

Answer 27

angiomyolipomas

Question 28

What is the primary risk factor for RCC?

Answer 28

smoking

Question 29

Stallate scars are a feature of which renal neoplasia?

Answer 29

oncocytomas

Question 30

Oncocytomas arise from which renal structure?

Answer 30

collecting duct

Question 31

Clear cell RCCs are derived from which renal structure?

Answer 31

proximal tubules

Question 32

A cancer of the renal pelvis is like a ____

Answer 32

urothelial carcinoma

Question 33

What are the components of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 33

- proteinuria - hypoalbuminemia - edema - hyperlipidemia

Question 34

What are the components of nephritis?

Answer 34

- hematuria - proteinuria - hypertension - urine sediment

Question 35

Hypocomplementemia and history of recent infection are characteristic of which glomerular disorder?

Answer 35

PIGN

Question 36

Subepithelial humps are a histological features of what glomerular disorder?

Answer 36

PIGN

Question 37

What is the histopathology of primary IgAN?

Answer 37

mesangial expansion and cellular proliferation

Question 38

What is the main cause of secondary IgAN?

Answer 38

cirrhosis and liver disease

Question 39

Which glomerular disorder is morphologically indistinguishable from IgAN?

Answer 39

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Question 40

How do we differentiate IgAN from Henoch-Schonlein purpura?

Answer 40

Henoch-schonlein purpura is accompanied by systemic vasculitis and skin pain

Question 41

Which nephritis-causing disorder shows linear IgG in the GBM?

Answer 41

goodpasture syndrome

Question 42

Describe the histopathologic featuers of diabetic nephropathy.

Answer 42

- GBM thickening - diffuse mesangial expansion - KW nodules

Question 43

Congo red staining will show what sort of glomerular disorder?

Answer 43

amyloidosis

Question 44

Minimal change disease primarily affects which age group?

Answer 44

children

Question 45

Damage to foot processes is a characteristic of what glomerular disease?

Answer 45

minimal change disease and FSGN

Question 46

Minimal change disease is responsive to what treatment?

Answer 46

steroids

Question 47

How can we differentitate minimal change disease from FSGN?

Answer 47

FSGN does not respond to steroids while minimal change disease does, additionally, sclerosis is not a feature of minimal change disease

Question 48

What is collapsing glomerulopathy?

Answer 48

a subtype of FSGS related to HIV, drug use, and itiopathic causes

Question 49

What is the characteristic histopathologic feature of membranous glomerulopathy?

Answer 49

diffuse global thickening of teh GBM

Question 50

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is caused by what?

Answer 50

abnormal complement activation

Question 51

HCV and HBV are causes of what secondary nephritis?

Answer 51

membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Question 52

The pineal gland secretes ____.

Answer 52

melatonin

Question 53

C cells are part of which endocrine gland?

Answer 53

the thyroid

Question 54

Three layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 54

glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

Question 55

Where are chromaffin cells located?

Answer 55

the adrenal medulla

Question 56

Which neoplasia is related to heightened epinephrine release?

Answer 56

pheochromocytoma

Question 57

Elevated PTHrp is indicative of what cause of hypercalcemia?

Answer 57

a malignancy

Question 58

A ___ carcinoma is indistinguishable from an adenoma until it metastasizes.

Answer 58

pituitary

Question 59

Rathke's pouch remnants can give rise to what pituitary neoplasia?

Answer 59

craniopharyngioma

Question 60

What is bromocryptine?

Answer 60

a DA antagonist used to treat acromegaly

Question 61

What is Addison's disease?

Answer 61

primary hypoadrenalism

Question 62

What is CRH?

Answer 62

the hypothalamic mediator that triggers ACTH release

Question 63

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 63

a 21-OH deficiency

Question 64

What is Sheehan's syndrome?

Answer 64

diminished pituitary functioning due to reduction in perfusion, commonly during and after birth

Question 65

How does metformin function?

Answer 65

stimulate increased insulin production

Question 66

Which drugs sensitize the periphery to insulin naturally secreted by the pancreas?

Answer 66

thiazolidinedines

Question 67

Which diabetic drug is contraindicated for those with renal disease?

Answer 67

metformin

Question 68

How do sulfonylureas treat diabetes?

Answer 68

by stimulating extra production

Question 69

Which thyroid cancer is highly associated with MEN1?

Answer 69

medullary carcinoma of thryoid

Question 70

Which thyroid carcinoma invades the trachea?

Answer 70

anaplastic

Question 71

Where does leptin come from?

Answer 71

adipocytes

Question 72

Leptin does what to apetite?

Answer 72

decrease apetite

Question 73

What is the long-acting form of insulin?

Answer 73

glargine