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Sp15 - Anatomy Final > Reticular Formation and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Reticular Formation and Cerebellum Flashcards

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1
Q

Reticular Formation Location

A

Central core of the brainstem

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2
Q

Reticular Formation Function

A 
Regulates posture
some stereotypic motor behaviors
internal environment
pain regulation
sleep/wake cycles
emotional tone
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3
Q

What are the 3 longitudinal zones of the reticular formation from medial to lateral?

A

Raphe/Median
Medial/Paramedial
Lateral

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4
Q

Raphe zone

A

Adjacent to the sagittal plane of the reticular formation

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5
Q

Medial zone of Reticular formation

A

alongside the raphe
mix of large and small neurons
location of mostly ascending and descending projections

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6
Q

Lateral zone of Reticular formation

A

Most extensive RF zone
Prominent in rostral medulla and caudal pons
Primarily involved in cranial nerves reflexes and visceral functions

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7
Q

Connections of the reticular formation

A

Neurons have extensive, complex connections
May innervate multiple levels of the spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus
Some have bifurcating axons that ascend and descend

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8
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Transient, conscious state of involuntary immobility
Caused bu hyper polarization of the spinal motor neurons originating in the cholinoceptive neurons in reticular formation

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9
Q

What are the tracts of the Reticular Formation?

A

Medial reticulospinal tract

Lateral reticulospinal tract

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10
Q

Medial reticulospinal tract

A

Starts in the pons
Ipsilateral
Descends near the MLF in the anterior funiculus

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11
Q

Lateral reticulospinal tract

A

Starts in the medulla
Descends bilaterally in lateral funiculus
Causes muscles to be flaccid during sleep

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12
Q

How does the Reticular formation effect movement?

A

Major alternative to corticospinal tract in regulating spinal motor neurons
Influences spinal motor neurons directly, so that only harmful/noxious stimuli evoke a reflex
Also contains basic neural machinery for some complex patterned movements (sectioning brainstem-diencephalon junction in cat)

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13
Q

What pattern generators are located in the Reticular Formation

A 
Gaze centers
Mastication
Locomotion
Heart Rate
Respiration
Swallowing, vomiting
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14
Q

Gaze Center location

A

Midbrain vertical gaze center

Pontine horizontal gaze center

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15
Q

Mastication pattern generator location

A

Supratrigeminal nucleus (in the pons)

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16
Q

Locomotion pattern generator location

A

Pons

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17
Q

Medulla Vital Center

A 
Location of the pattern generator for: 
Heart Rate
Respiration
Swallowing
Vomiting
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18
Q

Bruxism

A

Stereotyped movement disorder that causes tooth grinding or clenching
Seen more in younger individuals

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19
Q

Bruxism symptoms

A

Tooth grinding/clenching, leading to:
Sounds
Jaw muscle discomfort
Abnormal wear of tooth

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20
Q

Bruxism Mechanism

A

During sleep, muscles are in a state of atonia and Jaw muscles are co-contracted
Opening and closing muscles are contracted at the same time

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21
Q

What are the Bruxism cause theories.

A

Peripheral causes theory

Central causes theory

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22
Q

Peripheral causes theory

A

Malocclusion results in premature and one-sided contact
Jaw movements occur in an attempt to reach resting position
This theory is based on clinical observation an treatment experience

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23
Q

Central causes theory

A

Sleep-related dysfunction causes bruxism
Input to the supratrigeminal nucleus may be form basal ganglia, lateral hypothalamus, and central nucleus of the amygdala

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24
Q

What structure is key to the brain’s facilitation of pain suppression?

A

Reticular Formation

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25
The Periaqueductal gray (PAG) is central to...
One well described pain suppression system
26
From where does the PAG receive pain fibers from?
Spinomesencephalic fibers
27
Where does the PAG send pain fibers to?
The raphe, and then they go on to the posterior horn of the spinal cord and spinal V nucleus
28
How do Opiates work?
They control pain by activating the PAG-raphe at multiple levels.
29
Where are opiate receptors abundant?
PAG Raphe Posterior horn of the spinal cord
30
How can the raphe inhibit pain to the STT?
Directly Indirectly - by activating interneurons that inhibit STT Directly inhibit pain afferents
31
What is the pathway for the Reticular Formation response to environmental conditions?
From the body to the RF, and then projects to the brainstem autonomic nuclei and spinal cord
32
What visceral functions are controlled at the pons and medulla level of the RF?
Inspiration Expiration Rhythm of breathing
33
What visceral functions are controlled at the medulla level of the RF?
Heart Rate | Blood Pressure
34
Where does the RF send projections to for Arousal and consciousness
Thalamic intralaminar nuclei, and then diffusely to the cortex
35
Where does the RF receive fibers from for arousal and consciousness?
Midbrain and pons level RF get input from multiple sensory modalities, such as pain and spinoreticular fibers
36
What neurochemicals have nuclei in the brainstem?
Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin
37
What neurochemicals have nuclei in the Hypothalamus?
Histamine containing neurons
38
What neurochemicals have nuclei in the Telencephalon?
Acetylcholine
39
Where are Noradrenergic (Norepinephrine) neurons located?
``` Solitary nucleus (Medulla) Locus ceruleus (Rostral pons) Ventrolateral medulla (spinal cord) ```
40
What is the function of norepinephrine in the Solitary nucleus?
Help with memory enhancement
41
What is the function of norepinephrine in the Locus ceruleus?
Provides cortex vigilance and attention | It is highly active during attentive situations, moderatly active while awake, and low activity during sleep
42
What is the function of norepinephrine in the ventrolateral medulla?
Pain regulation
43
Clinical depression
Locus ceruleus neuron activity is reduced, leading to less norepinephrine
44
Why do Parkinson's disease patients often suffer from clinical depression?
The locus ceruleus neurons are lost in Parkinson's disease
45
What is the mechanism of some anti-depression medications?
Increase the firing rate of locus ceruleus neurons
46
Where are Dopaminergic (Dopamine) neurons located?
In the midbrain, more specifically: Substantia nigra Ventral segmental area
47
Dopamine neurons in the Substantia nigra pathway and function
Project to the Caudate and Putamen Sends dopamine to the brain and is responsible for motor production Pathway is less effective in Parkinson's
48
What are the two tracts of Dopamine that come from the Ventral Tegmental area?
Mesocortical fibers | Mesolimbic fibers
49
Mesocortical fibers
Dopaminergic fibers from the Ventral Tegmental area with heavy projections to the frontal cortex Organizes and initiates thinking and planning
50
Mesolimbic fibers
Dopaminergic fibers from the Ventral Tegmental area to the amygdala Associates emotional reward or sense of well being Fibers are also associated with Drug dependency
51
What is implicated in Schizophrenia?
Ventral Tegmental area
52
What are the 2 components of Schizophrenia?
Social Withdrawal | Hallucinations
53
Cause of Social Withdrawal in Schizophrenia
Low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex
54
Cause of Hallucinations in Schizophrenia
High levels of dopamine in the limbic system
55
Where are serotonergic (Serotonin) neurons located?
At all brainstem levels in the Raphe - "Raphe nuclei"
56
What is the function of raphe nuclei?
They direct attention by inhibiting distracting stimuli | Pojections to the hypothalamus are responsible for day-night cycles
57
Where do raphe nuclei project to?
They are very extensive and profuse, especially to the sensory and limbic areas
58
What do low levels of serotonin lead to?
High carbohydrate consumption Binge eating Carbohydrate preference in obese women
59
What do high levels of serotonin lead to?
Compulsive behavior | Anorexia nervosa
60
What do drugs that increase the levels of serotonin treat?
Depression | Anxiety
61
Where are cholinergic (Acetylcholine) neurons located?
``` Basal nucleus (of Maynert) Dorsal Pontine tegmentum ```
62
What is area is effected in Alzheimers?
Basal nucleus (of Maynert)
63
What is one treatment of Alzheimers discussed in class?
Cholinesterase inhibitors, to slow the breakdown of Acetylcholine
64
What is the cortex of the cerebellum, and what is it made of?
Outer surface | Gray matter
65
What is the inside of the cerebellum made of?
White matter
66
Functions of the cerebellum
Regulate equilibrium Controls muscle tone and posture Provides motor coordination for voluntary movements
67
At what points can the cerebellum control voluntary movements
In the near future | During execution
68
How does the cerebellum control voluntary movement in the near future?
Plan actions in space and time
69
How does the cerebellum control voluntary movement during execution?
Monitor ongoing activity and adjust the output of the motor cortex
70
What are the main fissures of the Cerebellum?
Primary fissure | Posterolateral fissure
71
Primary fissure
Divides the body of the cerebellum into anterior and posterior lobes
72
Posterolateral fissure
Separates flocconodular lobe from the body of the cerebellum
73
What are the functional connections of the Cerebellum?
Vermis | Hemispheres
74
What is the Vermis of the Cerebellum?
In the midline of the cerebellum
75
What are the hemispheres of the Cerebellum and where are they located?
Medial Hemisphere - adjacent to the vermis | Lateral Hemisphere - adjacent to the medial hemisphere
76
What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles
Attach the Cerebellum to the cortex - Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle - Middle Cerebellar Peduncle - Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
77
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Receives input from the spinal cord and brainstem Monitors muscle and limb movement Contains the Juxtarestiform body
78
Juxtarestiform body
Interconnects vestibular nuclei and cerebellum
79
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
The largest peduncle Lateral to the pons Receives afferents from the contralateral basis points Relays motor signals form the cortex
80
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Sends efferent fibers from the red nucleus to the thalamus
81
What are the cerebellar deep nuclei from medial to lateral?
Fastigal Globose Emboliform Dentate
82
What cerebellar deep nuclei make up the Interposed nucleus?
Globose | Emboliform
83
What is likely the most ancient deep cerebellar nuclei
Fastigal
84
Which deep nuclei contributes the most fibers in the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle?
Dentate nucleus
85
What is the relay system of cerebellar circuitry?
1) Inputs arrive via the ICP or MCP, and they get projected to the cortex 2) Cortex deals with the signals 3) Cortex sends info the the deep nuclei 4) Deep nuclei send projections (via the SCP) to other parts of the brain
86
What are the layers of the Cerebellar cortex from Superficial to deep?
Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granule layer
87
Molecular Layer of Cerebellar Cortex
Contains Purkinje cell dendrites and granule neurons axons
88
Parking Cell Layer of Cerebellar Cortex
Contain the only axons that leave the cortex
89
Microzone
A group of Purkinje cells all having the same somatotopic receptive field Contain ~1000 Purkinje cells arranged in a long, narrow strip oriented perpendicular to cortical folds
90
What are the three fibers of Basic Cortical Circuitry
Climbing Fibers Mossy Fibers Parallel Fibers
91
Climbing Fibers
Emerge from the Inferior Olivary Nuclei - emerge medially and ascend to the contralateral ICP and enter the cerebellum They divide into 5-10 branches with each branch synapsing on a different Purkinje cell They regulate Purkinje cell firing
92
Mossy Fiber
Input form brainstem (pons), vestibular system, and spinal cord Provide a major cortical input
93
Parallel Fiber
Axon from a granule cell
94
How is the cortex and deep nuclei connected?
Mossy and climbing fibers send collaterals to deep nuclei before axons enter the cortex Parking cell axons end in the deep nucleus
95
What are the longitudinal zones of the Cerebellum?
Vestibulocerebellum Spinocerebellum Pontocerebellum
96
Spinocerebellum Input
Spinal cord | Brainstem
97
Spinocerebellum cerebellar location
Paranormal area | Part of the vermis
98
Spinocerebellum Output
Red nucleus | VA/VL of the thalamus
99
Spinocerebellum Function
Coordination of trunk and limb movements
100
Vestibulocerebellum Input
Vestibular end organ | Vestibular nuclei
101
Vestibulocerebellum cerebellar location
Flocconodular lobe | Part of the vermis
102
Vestibulocerebellum Output
Fastigal nucleus | Vestibular nuclei
103
Vestibulocerebellum Function
Control eye movement | Balance
104
Pontocerebellum Input
Motor cortex Basilar pons Middle cerebellar peduncle
105
Pontocerebellum cerebellar location
Lateral cerebellar hemisphere
106
Pontocerebellum Output
Dentate nucleus Red nucleus VA/VL of thalamus
107
Pontocerebellum Function
Planning and timing of movement (especially of the upper extremities) Coordination of speech
108
Lateral hemisphere function
Planning learned, skillful movements (those that become more precise and rapid with practice)
109
Lateral hemisphere injury
Involves arm and speech - intention tremor - dysdiadochokinesia (rapid, alternating movements) - dysmetria (finger-to-nose test) - dysarthria (scanning or explosive speech)
110
Medial hemisphere function
Adjusting limb movement
111
Vermis function
Postural adjustments
112
Vermis Injury
Leads to - truncal ataxia - disturbances in balance while seated or standing - gait ataxia
113
Flocculus and vermis Function
Eye movements
114
Flocculus and vermis Injury
Leads to: | -Nystagmus (back and fourth eye movements)
115
Vermis input projects to
Fastigal nuclei
116
Medial hemisphere projects to:
Interposed nucleus (Globose and Embeliform)
117
Lateral hemisphere projects to:
Dentate nuclei
118
What is the principle output from the cerebellar nuclei?
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
119
Cerebral hemisphere controls what side muscles?
Contralateral
120
Cerebral hemisphere influences what side limbs?
Ipsilateral
121
Cerebral hemisphere projects to what side of the thalamus?
Cotnralateral

Sp15 - Anatomy Final (3 decks)

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