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Ocular Anatomy quiz #3 > Retina > Flashcards

Retina Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

what is the main function of the retina

A

where light energy is transformed into a neural signal and sent to the visual pathway

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2
Q

what is phototransduction

A

process of transforming light energy into a neural signal

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3
Q

what are the first 3 cells of the visual pathway

A

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

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4
Q

which interneurons modify the signal as it passes through the retina

A

amacrine cells, horizontal cells, and interplexiform cells

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5
Q

what do the neuroglial Muller Cells do

A

they maintain the physiologic environment of the retina

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6
Q

what are microglia

A

neuroglial cells that are wandering phagocytic cells

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7
Q

what are astrocytes

A

star-shaped cells that are in the nerve fiber layer/ganglion layer to support blood vessels and fibers

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8
Q

what are the innermost 9 layers of the retina called

A

the Sensory or Neural Retina

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9
Q

what is the 10th layer of the retina

A

the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)

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10
Q

what is the function of the RPE

A

to phagoctize the shed photoreceptor discs

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11
Q

what type of cells are in the RPE

A

a monolayer of cuboidal cells

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12
Q

what extends from the RPE to the photoreceptor layer (PR)

A

microvilli processes

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13
Q

which layer is the outermost neural layer

A

the photoreceptor layer (PR)

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14
Q

what does the PR layer contain

A

photopigment, rods and cones

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15
Q

what are the PR cells highly specialized to do

A

convert light energy into neural messages

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16
Q

which part of the PR layer is for capturing light

A

the outermost part

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17
Q

which part of the PR layer is for transmitting the neural signal

A

the innermost part

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18
Q

what parts are common between rods and cones

A

outer segment, cilium, inner segment, outer fiber, cell body, inner fiber, and synaptic terminal

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19
Q

what is the outer segment (OS)

A

a stack of membranous discs that are enclosed by the plasmalemma of the cell

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20
Q

where is photopigment located

A

inside the outer segment discs of the photoreceptors

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21
Q

where does the apex of the outer segment face

A

the RPE

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22
Q

where do the mircovilli from the RPE extend to in the PR layer

A

the distal third of the outer segment (OS)

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23
Q

what is the cilium

A

a connecting stalk between the OS and inner segment

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24
Q

what is the inner segment

A

two regions: ellipsoid and myoid region

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25
what is in the ellipsoid region of the IS
mitochondria, power house
26
what does the myoid region of the IS contain
endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus for synthesizing proteins
27
what is the outer fiber
extends from the inner segment to the cell body
28
what is inside the cell body
the nucleus of the photoreceptor
29
what is the inner fiber
the axon of the photoreceptor (forms the synaptic vesicles)
30
how many rods are there
92-120 million
31
what is another name for dim light
scotopic vision
32
what photopigment do rods contain
rhodopsin
33
where does the density of rods peak
in a ring about 4.5mm from the fovea
34
are there rods in the fovea
no only cones
35
how many discs are there in the rod outer segment
600-1000 discs
36
where is the photoreceptor rhodopsin located in the rod
in the disc membrane
37
when are the rod discs shed/phagocytized
early in the mornings
38
what is the specialized terminal of the rod inner fiber called
a spherule
39
what does the rod spherule contain
synapses with bipolar dendrites and horizontal processes
40
how many cones are there for bright vision and color
5 million
41
what is another term for bright vision
photopic vision
42
how many different opsins (photopigments) are there for regions of the light spectrum
3
43
what are S-cones
blue cones (420nm)
44
what are M-cones
green cones (531nm)
45
what are L-cones
red cones (588nm)
46
how is the cone discs shape different from the rod discs
they are wider at the base and taper toward the apex
47
when are the cone discs shed
in the evening
48
what is different about the cone nuclei from the rod nuclei
the cone nuclei are larger
49
what is the terminal structure of the cone called
pedicle
50
what is the external limiting membrane (ELM)
a dark line (dots) of zonule adherens which hold the photoreceptors to each other and to Mullers cells
51
what do the zonule adherens act as in the ELM
a barrier to large molecules into and out of the retina
52
what is the outer nuclear layer (ONL)
contains the nuclei of the photoreceptor cells
53
what is the outer plexiform layer (OPL)
where the synaptic terminals of the photoreceptors will synapse with the dendrites of the bipolar and horizontal cells
54
what does the outer plexiform layer a demarcation of
the inner retinal layers that are supplied by the central retinal artery and the outer layers supplied by the choroid
55
why is the outer plexiform layer a discontinuous membrane
there are many desmosome-like attachments (synaptic densities) between the processes
56
what is the inner nuclear layer (INL)
where cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, interplexiform cells and Muller cells are located
57
what does the internal nuclear layer mark/separate
the deepest part of the retina that is supplied by the central retinal vasculature
58
what is the inner plexiform layer (IPL)
the dendrites of the ganglion cells and the axons of the bipolar cells
59
what is the ganglion cell layer (GCL)
usually one cell layer thick (thicker in the macula)
60
where do the ganglion cells communicate with
with the central visual system structures
61
what is the nerve fiber layer (NFL)
unmyelinated nerve fibers (axons of ganglion cells) also the central retinal vessels
62
what is the internal limiting membrane (ILM)
closest to the vitreous, formed by the footplates of the Muller cells, covered by basement membranes
63
anteriorly, the internal limiting membrane is continuous with what other internal limiting membrane
in the ciliary body
64
posteriorly, at the optic disc, what are the footplates replaced with
processes from astrocytes that form the internal limiting membrane of the disc
65
what 3 things does the central retina contain
macula, fovea, and foveola
66
how big is the diameter of the macula
5.5mm
67
how far from the edge of the optic disc is the macula
3.5mm and 1mm below
68
why is the macula darker in color
the PRE cells are taller and contain more pigment
69
why does the macula have a yellow hue
it has increased amount of lutein and zexanthin in the ganglion and bipolar cells
70
what is the fovea centralis (fovea)
the part of the retina that provides the best visual acuity (only cones are found here)
71
how wide is the fovea
1.5mm diameter
72
what is the sloping down of the walls of the fovea called
clivus
73
is the fovea avascular
yes
74
which retinal layers are present in the fovea
only the outer layers (no inner)
75
which cells are found in the fovea
only photoreceptors (cones)
76
what direction are the inner fibers of the photoreceptors in the outer plexiform of the fovea oriented
horizontal (vertical in the rest of the retina)
77
what is the Nerve Fiber Layer of Henle
the layer in the fovea region where the photoreceptor fibers are horizontal
78
how wide is the foveola
0.35mm in diameter
79
what retinal layers are not present in the foveola
the inner, but it still has an internal limiting membrane and muller cells
80
what is often seen in the center of the foveola
a reflex (umbo)
81
what is present in the extereme peripheral retina
the rods are replaced by malformed cones near the ora serrata
82
what blood supplies the inner retina
the central retinal vasculature
83
what blood supplies the outer retina
the choriocapillaries
84
what does the central retinal artery split into
a superior and inferior retinal artery and then nasal and temporal branches to feed their quadrants
85
what are the two capillary beds in the retina
superficial and deep capillary plexus
86
where is the superficial capillary plexus
in the nerve fiber layer
87
where is the deep ciliary plexus
in the internal neuron layer
88
are the capillaries fenestrated in the retina
no, they are in the blood-retinal barrier
89
what is the ciliretinal artery
15-20% of population has it, derived from the short posterior ciliary arteries
90
is the blood supply of the retina neuroregulated or autoregulated
autoregulated
91
what veins drain the retina
central retinal vein

Ocular Anatomy quiz #3 (4 decks)

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