Retirement in elite sport Flashcards
(29 cards)
What does the career contingency model consist of?
Involvement - Continuity - Dis-involvment - Re-involvement.
What are the 2 models related to a singular event (Prus and Irani, 1980; Plus, 1984)
- Social gerontological
- Thanatological
Define the Social Gerontological model
Systematic analysis of the ageing process
Define the Thanatological model
Study of death/dying
What are the 6 main negative consequences of retirement stated by Sinclair and Orlick (1993)?
Alcohol, substance abuse, acute depression, eating disorder, identity loss and attempted suicide.
(Social gerontological model) How does Havighurst and Albrecht (1953) define the Activity Theory?
“activity in a wide variety of social roles is positively related to happiness and good social adjustment in old age” (P. 309) (-adjustment to retirement is successful when an active role is substituted by new roles).
(Social gerontological model) How does Atchley (1989) define the Continuity Theory?
-Adjustment to retirement is successful when an individual experiences minimal change (continuity), both internally (activities) and externally (interactions).
(Social gerontological model) How does Rose (1962) define the Sub-Culture Theory?
-Prolonged social interactions among individuals (e.g. retirement communities) may lead to group consciousness and lower adjustment during retirement.
What are the strengths of the social gerontological model suggested by Wylleman, Alfermann and Lavallee (2004)?
-Enable us to explain or perhaps predict the quality of athletic retirement
What are the 4 limitations of the social gerontological model suggested by Wylleman, Alfermann and Lavallee (2004)?
- Athletic retirement (and sport generally) is a unique and dynamic process
- Athletes retire at an earlier age than the general population
- Athletic retirement does not mean occupational retirement
- Assumes that athletic retirement is inherently negative requiring considerable adjustment/ does not explain positive experiences of retirement.
How does Kalish (1966) define the Social Death Model (Social Thanatological Model)?
-Retirement viewed as a ‘social death’ through which individuals experience a loss of social functioning and isolation.
(Thanatological model) What are the 5 identifiable stages suggested by Kubler-Ross (1969) from the stages model of death and bereavement?
- Denial and isolation
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Resignation
What are the 2 main strengths stated by Wylleman et al (2004) for the Thanatological model (social death model)?
- Intuitively appealing (likeable and informative)
- Provide some insights into athletes’ experience of retirement.
What are the 4 main limitations stated by Wylleman et al (2004) for the Thanatological model (social death model)?
- Lacks sport utility/application
- Doesn’t account for positive experience of retirement
- Assumes athletic retirement is a discrete event
- Does not consider voluntary retirement/transition
How does Schlossberg (1981) define transition?
“an event or non-event which results in a change in assumptions about oneself and the world and thus requires a corresponding change in one’s behaviour and relationships”
Define event
expected or unexpected occurrence
Define non-event
Expected occurrence that does not happen
Why was retirement as a transitional process used?
-Prompted by research indicating a less traumatic character of retirement and the suggestion that career termination could serve as a positive opportunity for development.
What are the 3 sets of factors interact during transition in Schlossberg’s (1981) model of human adaptation to transition?
- Characteristics of the individual (e.g. gender, age, personality)
- Perception of the transition (crisis, relief, combination)
- Characteristics of the pre- and post-transition environment (e.g. support)
(transition type) Define normative
Generally predictable and anticipated, part of a definite sequence of age-related changes
(transition type) Define non-normative
Do not occur in a set plan or schedule, unanticipated, idiosyncratic, involuntary, includes non-events.
What is Kerr and Dacyshyn’s (2000) 3 sage model consist of?
“retirement” - “nowhere land” - “new beginnings”
What does Kerr and Dacyshyn (2000) state the 3 characteristics of “nowhere land” is?
- Disorientation: -existential questioning -no direction to life -uncertain where to focus energy
- Feeling of void: -need to find a similarly fulfilling activity
- Reorientation: -retrospective analysis and deconstruction of sporting experiences -period of ‘working through’ to resolve conflicts -transition problematic until conflicts resolved.
What did Roberts et al (2015) find were the 4 main reasons for retirement?
- Reluctant for retirement: making the decision yourself but not perceiving this to be a free choice
- Contractual pressures: “the stress was too much. I had no idea whether i’d get another contract; nobody was giving me any information. I was living on the edge; I had to get out… get away from not knowing. I wanted something with more security.” (participant E)
- Lack of communication: needing to second-guess the club
- Sport devaluation: no longer valuing participation in the sport
