REVIEW 1

Question 1

Purpose of Carbon

Answer 1

Forms foundation for all organic molecules

Question 2

Purpose of Sulfur

Answer 2

Amino Acids (disulfide bridges in proteins)

Question 3

Purpose of Phosphorus

Answer 3

Phospholipids, Nucleic Acids, ATP

Question 4

Purpose of Oxygen

Answer 4

Amino Acids, Aerobic respiration

Question 5

Purpose of Nitrogen

Answer 5

Amino acids, Nucleic acids, ATP

Question 6

Purpose of Hydrogen

Answer 6

Amino acids, photosynthesis

Question 7

Purpose of Sodium

Answer 7

Osmoregulation, action potentials, Sodium/Potassium pumps

Question 8

Purpose of Calcium

Answer 8

Muscle Contraction

Question 9

Purpose of Iron

Answer 9

In Cytochromes (electron transport chain), hemoglobin

Question 10

Thermal Properties of Water

Answer 10

Due to hydrogen bonding
High specific heat: stabilizes environments for life
High heat of vaporization: evaporative cooling for organisms (sweat, transpiration)

Question 11

Cohesive and Adhesive Properties

Answer 11

Due to Hydrogen Bonding
High Surface Tension: Organisms live on surface/maintains lung structure (pleural membranes)
Transport in plants: Hydrogen Bonds ‘stick’ water together (cohesion) and to other substances (adhesion - such of xylem walls) - allows movement of water through plants (transpiration)

Question 12

Solvent properties

Answer 12

Due to polarity
Water is universal solvent
Dissolves and transports polar/hydrophilic substances (like sap and blood)
Medium for metabolic reactions (glycolysis, DNA replication, transcription and translation, etc…)

Question 13

Condensation vs Hydrolysis

Answer 13

Condensation: Creating LARGER molecules - PRODUCES water
Hydrolysis: break molecules apart (slice and dice) - USES water

Question 14

Therapeutic Uses of Stem Cells

Answer 14

Photoreceptor cells for Stargardt’s Disease
Skin Cells for burn victims

Question 15

Purpose of Plasmids

Answer 15

Store additional DNA

Question 16

Purpose of Capsule in Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 16

Protection from dehydration

Question 17

Purpose of pili

Answer 17

Attachment

Question 18

Purpose of Flagellum

Answer 18

Motility

Question 19

Purpose of Lysosomes

Answer 19

ANIMALS ONLY
Slice and dice

Question 20

Purpose of Centrioles

Answer 20

Assemble microtubules
Cell division
Motility

Question 21

Purpose of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 21

Hormone production, detoxification, lipid protection

Question 22

Purpose of Golgi Apparatus

Answer 22

Collection, Storage, Shipping of Cellular materials

Question 23

Purpose of Vacuoles

Answer 23

Storage of nutrients (VERY large in plants)

Question 24

Outermost Part of Bacgeria

Answer 24

Cell Wall made of peptidoglycan

Question 25

Outermost part of Fungi

Answer 25

Cell wall made of chitin

Question 26

Outermost part of Yeast

Answer 26

Cell wall made of glucan and mannan

Question 27

Outermost part of Algae/plants

Answer 27

Cell wall made of cellulose

Question 28

Outermost part of animal cells

Answer 28

ONLY cell membrane - surrounded by glycoproteins that form extracellular matrix

Question 29

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 29

HydroPHOBIC tails HydroPHILIC heads Has peripheral, channel, carrier, and glyco proteins ALSO cholesterol

Question 30

Functions of Membrane Proteins

Answer 30

TRACIE Transport (active/facilitated) Receptors (hormones) Anchorage (for cytoskeleton and to ECM) Cell recognition/identification (glycoproteins/antigens) Intercellular connections (plasmodesmata) Enzymatic Activity (metabolic reactions)

Question 31

Types of Transport

Answer 31

Diffusion: molecules move from higher to lower concentration Osmosis: Diffusion of water to balance solute concentrations Facilitated Diffusion: Specific protein channels that change shape Active Transport: Sodium/potassium pump that maintains resting potential (AGAINST concentration gradient)

Question 32

Why do cells divide?

Answer 32

TOAD Tissue repair/replacement Organism growth Asexual Reproduction Development (embryonic) ALSO WHEN SA/V RATIO IS TOO SMALL**

Question 33

Proteins that control cell cycle

Answer 33

Cyclins Peak at different times

Question 34

First cell origins

Answer 34

Abiogenesis 1. There was non-living synthesis of simple organic compounds 2. These simple organic compounds became more complex polymers 3. Some polymers became self-replicating (enabling inheritance) 4. These molecules became packaged in membranes (protobionts)

Question 35

Mutagens

Answer 35

Radiation and Chemicals

Question 36

Types of Tumors

Answer 36

Benign tumors = remain at original site or contained in membrane Malignant tumors = invading surrounding tissue Metastatic tumors = in blood; travel to other parts of body and form secondary tumors