Review #1

Question 1

Identify the basic organelles found in a human body

Answer 1

Mitochondria, Rough ER, Smooth ER,

Nucleus, Golgi Bodies, Ribosomes, and Lysosomes

Question 2

Mitochondria def

Answer 2

Generators of chemical energy for the cell
Harness energy from the oxidation of food molecules
Are enclosed in 2 membranes with inner membrane formed into folds that project into the interior of the organelle

Question 3

Rough ER def

Answer 3

Region of the Endoplasmic reticulum associated with ribosomes and involved in the synthesis of secreted and membrane-bound proteins

Question 4

Smooth ER def

Answer 4

Region of the ER not associated with ribosomes. It is involved in the synthesis of lipids

Question 5

Nucleus def

Answer 5

Most prominent organelle in the cell. Enclosed within 2 concentric membranes that form nuclear envelope.
Contains molecules of DNA
Control center of the cell

Question 6

Golgi Bodies def

Answer 6

Modifies & ; packages molecules made in the ER that are destined to be either secreted from the cell or transported to another cell compartment

Question 7

Ribosomes def

Answer 7

Composed of ribosomal RNA’s &; ribosomal proteins. It translates messenger RNA into proteins

Question 8

Lysosomes def

Answer 8

Breaking down unwanted molecules for either recycling within the cell or excretion from the cell. Also releases nutrients from ingested food particles

Question 9

Contrast the two main types of proteins.

Answer 9

Fibular Proteins- straight protein(chain)

Globular Proteins- balled protein(globule)

Question 10

What are the 5 functions of proteins and their functions?

Answer 10

1) Enzymes-increase reaction
2) Transporters-pass material through membrane
3) Receptors-change cellular activity,allow certain activities
4) Antigens-allows cellular identity
- identify self and foreign antigens
5) Transcription Factors
- turn on or off genes

Question 11

Define Bulk Transport

Answer 11

Across cell membrane, not through it

Question 12

Compare and contrast Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Answer 12

Endocytosis- moving into the cell

Exocytosis- moving out of the cell

Question 13

Define molecular transport

Answer 13

Moving molecules through the membrane

• in molecule is nonpolar, no transporter or receptor is needed
  - if molecule is polar, a membrane protein is needed

Question 14

Identify and describe the two types of Transporters

Answer 14

Channels- allows any molecule under a certain size through

Gates-allows only certain molecules or ions through

Question 15

Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane

Answer 15

Membrane is a moving, active liquid
A soap bubble
Proteins provide the cellular structure because the membrane is just a bubble

Question 16

The cell membrane creates what

Answer 16

An internal VS external environment that’d an change independently of each other

Question 17

Write the chemical formula for the phospholipid bilayer, be able to identify the polar and non-polar sides, and know where each side is facing.

Answer 17

CH-PO4

CH- lipid(nonpolar) towards center
PO4- polar , outside of the cell

Question 18

Describe how many amino acids are used to build an average protein.

Answer 18

Proteins are a collection of 100s or 1000s of amino acids

Question 19

Explain what the “R” component on an amino acid is

Answer 19

R is the functional group

Question 20

List two functions of the “R” component

Answer 20

1) Gives the protein its chemical characteristic

2) Is different for different amino acids -gives the protein it’s shape

Question 21

Fats are

Answer 21

Insoluble in water and are polar solutions

Question 22

Carbohydrates are

Answer 22

Have the empirical formula of CH2O

Question 23

Describe how enzymes help chemical reactions happen in the body.

Answer 23

Increase reactions by lowering the activation energy

Question 24

Identify the three types of enzymes.

Answer 24

Metabolic, digestive, and food enzymes

Question 25

Identify a compound as an enzyme or not an enzyme.

Answer 25

Commonly end in 'ase' : polymerase, lipase, protease, carbohydrase, etc

Question 26

Describe how proteins help with cellular structure and support.

Answer 26

Cytoskeleton is made up of proteins | - integral & peripheral proteins bond together to form matrixes of connected proteins

Question 27

Identify the 3 main parts of a nucleotide

Answer 27

Phosphate group(PO4 -3) 5 Carbon Sugar(pentose) Nitrogen containing base

Question 28

What are the steps of the cell cycle

Answer 28

1) Interphase 2) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase 3) Cytokinesis

Question 29

What's happens during interphase

Answer 29

G1- growth S- DNA replication G2- more growth, waiting

Question 30

What happens during prophase

Answer 30

Not some

Question 31

What happens during metaphase

Answer 31

Not done

Question 32

What happens during anaphase

Answer 32

Not done

Question 33

What happens during telophase

Answer 33

Not done

Question 34

What happens during cytokinesis

Answer 34

Not done

Question 35

Microtubules are organelles

Answer 35

Used for support and structure in a cell

Question 36

Differentiate between Codon and Anitcodon, and know where each is found.*

Answer 36

Codon - groups of 3 nucleotides,first codon is always AUG , found on mRNA Anticodon- first anticodon is UAC to bind to the codon, found on tRNA

Question 37

Explain why even though Evolution is a Theory

Answer 37

This does not make it a weak scientific concept

Question 38

Explain the Theory of Evolution

Answer 38

A theory that explains how nature works | Is caused by pressures in the environment, not as a response to the environment

Question 39

Diffusion def

Answer 39

Directional movement of molecules due to greater concentration in one location compared to another

Question 40

Identify the diameter of an average cell, and compare that to the average diameter of a red blood cell.

Answer 40

Average cell - 20 Um(microns) Red Blood Cells - 7um(microns)

Question 41

Define the distance any cell is away from a capillary – in both number of cell diameters AND µm.

Answer 41

No cell is more than 2 cells diameters away (~40um) from a capillary.

Question 42

List the five factors that influence diffusion.

Answer 42

1) Area of contact 2) concentration gradient 3) molecular size 4) viscosity of medium 5) distance traveled

Question 43

Describe how each factor affects the rate of diffusion.

Answer 43

1) Area of contact: larger area=faster diffusion 2) Concentration gradient: larger gradient=faster diffusion 3) molecular size: smaller molecule=faster diffusion 4) viscosity of medium: less viscosity=faster diffusion 5) distance traveled: shorter distance=faster diffusion

Question 44

What is viscosity

Answer 44

How think the medium is

Question 45

What is water movement

Answer 45

Water is freely permeable to the cell membrane

Question 46

Theories to why water is freely permerable...

Answer 46

1) water is small enough to pass between lipid tails 2) water passes through the interstices of the membrane proteins - spaces of proteins

Question 47

What is the size of water

Answer 47

About 1/10 the size of a phospholipid