Review

Question 1

What is Motivation?

Answer 1

Any internal process that gives behavior its energy, direction, and persistence

Question 2

Internal Processes Consist of three ___?

Answer 2

Need, Cognition, Emotion

Question 3

What is a Need?

Answer 3

Any condition within the individual that is essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and wellbeing.

Question 4

Define Cognition

Answer 4

Mental events capable of energizing and directing behavior. Beliefs, expectations, goals, etc.

Question 5

Define Emotion

Answer 5

Short-lived, feeling-arousal, purposive-expressive, phenomena that helps us adapt to the opportunities and challenges we face during important life events.

Question 6

2 Aspects of the Relationship between Motivation and Emotion?

Answer 6

1. Emotions are one type of motive

2. Emotions help identify the motivational state of the person

Question 7

Five expressions of Motivation

Answer 7

Behavior, Engagement, Psycho-physiology, Brain Activations, self-Report

Question 8

Seven Behavioral Expressions of Motivation

Answer 8

Effort, Persistence, Latency, Choice, Bodily Gestures, Facial Expressions, probability of response

Question 9

Four Interrelated Aspects of Engagement

Answer 9

Emotion, Behavior, Cognition, Agency

Question 10

6 Bodily Activities as Expressions of Motivation

Answer 10

Skeletal, Cardiovascular, Electrodermal, Hormonal, Brain, Ocular

Question 11

2 Key aspects of Motivation

Answer 11

Quantity, Quality

Question 12

Cortical Brain

Answer 12

Explicit Motives, conscious thoughts and behaviors. ( hunger, anger, mood)

Question 13

Two Principles to the Motivated and Emotional Brain

Answer 13

Day to Day event activate specific brain structures

Activated brain structures generate specific motivations and emotions

Question 14

Sub-Cortical Brain

Answer 14

Associated with Basic urges, and emotion rich motivations such as hunger, thirst, anger, fear, anxiety, pleasure, desire

Question 15

The 7 Parts of the Motivated and Emotional Brain?

Answer 15

Insula, Prefrontal Cortex, Orbitofrontal Cortex, Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex, Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Question 16

3 Processes of the Amygdala in relation to motivation

Answer 16

Detects Threats
Detects Rewards
Detects Predictability of Reward

Question 17

Three Hormones in Relation to Motivation

Answer 17

Cortisol, Testosterone, Oxytocin

Question 18

What is a Need?

Answer 18

Any condition within the person that is essential and necessary for life, growth, and well-being

Question 19

What is homeostasis?

Answer 19

The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal state

Question 20

What are Intraorganismic and Extra organismic Mechanisms?

Answer 20

Intra- All mechanisms within the biological system that activate the person to maintain biological needs, underlies drive
Extra- mechanisms within the environment that influence biological systems (water in front of a thirsty person)

Question 21

Three Reasons Why We Fail to Self-Regulate?

Answer 21

1) Underestimation of Biological Force

2) People can lack standards, or have inconsistent, conflicting, or unrealistic standards

Question 22

What is Extrinsic Motivation?

Answer 22

An environmentally created reason (incentives or consequences) to engage in an action or activity.

Question 23

What is a Positive Reinforcer?

Answer 23

An environmental stimulus, that when presented, increases the likelihood of the DESIRED behavior. NOTE: All reinforcers are rewards, not all rewards are reinforcers

Question 24

What is a Negative Reinforcer?

Answer 24

An environmental stimulus, that when removed INCREASES the likelihood of the DESIRED behavior; are unpleasant stimuli ( removing restrictions, curfews, call ins > good behavior)

Question 25

What is a Punisher?

Answer 25

Any environmental stimulus that, when presented DECREASES the likelihood of an UNDESIRED behavior. (Spanking, removing of an object or privileges')

Question 26

What is Intrinsic Motivation?

Answer 26

The inherent desire to engage one's interests and to exercise and develop one's capabilities

Question 27

What are the 3 origins of Motivation?

Answer 27

1) Autonomy 2) Competence 3) Relatedness

Question 28

What is Cognitive Evaluation Theory?

Answer 28

Explains how an extrinsic event effects intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, as mediated by the event's effect on the psychological needs for competence and autonomy

Question 29

What are the three forms of Extrinsic Motivation?

Answer 29

Introjected Regulation Identified Regulation Integrated Regulation

Question 30

What is Internalization?

Answer 30

The process by which a person transforms a formerly externally-prescribed way of thinking or behaving into an internally-endorsed one

Question 31

What is a Psychological Need?

Answer 31

An inherent source of motivation that generates the desire to interact with the environments so as to advance personal growth, social development, and psychological well-being

Question 32

What are the Two Assumptions in terms of the Organismic approach to Motivation?

Answer 32

1) People are innately active- always seeking exchange within the environment 2) People need supportive rather than hostile environments.

Question 33

What are Three Psychological Needs?

Answer 33

1) Autonomy 2) Competence 3) Relatedness

Question 34

What is Autonomy?

Answer 34

The psychological need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one's behavior

Question 35

Three Subjective Qualities within the Experience of Autonomy

Answer 35

1. Internal perceived locus of causality 2. (Feeling Free) 3. Perceived choice over one's actions

Question 36

What is Competence?

Answer 36

A Psychological need to be effective in interactions with the environment

Question 37

What is Structure?

Answer 37

The amount and clarity of information one person give to another regarding what to do and how to do it

Question 38

Three Aspects of a Structured Environment?

Answer 38

1) Clear Expectations 2) Guidance 3) Feedback

Question 39

Three Aspects of a Structured Environment?

Answer 39

1) Clear Expectations 2) Guidance 3) Feedback

Question 40

An Example on why We Learn more From Failure than Success?

Answer 40

1. Urges people to identify the causes of failure 2. Prompts people to revise 3. Prompts people to ask for advice and guidance

Question 41

What is Relatedness?

Answer 41

The psychological need to establish close emotional bonds; attachments with other people

Question 42

Two Key Conditions that Satisfy the need for Relatedness

Answer 42

1. Responsiveness | 2. Social bond

Question 43

3 Reasons why Relatedness is Important- Educationally Speaking

Answer 43

1) Support internalization 2) Promote vitality, engagement 3) Promote Happiness (prevents loneliness, depression

Question 44

Name the two types of Relationships

Answer 44

Exchange Relationship | Communal Relationship

Question 45

3 Aspects to A Good Day

Answer 45

1) Competence 2) Relatedness 3) Autonomy

Question 46

What is an Implicit Motive?

Answer 46

A non-conscious need that motivates people's behavior for the attainment of specific social incentives

Question 47

The three Mentioned Emotionality Patterns?

Answer 47

1) High Achievement 2) High Affiliation 3) High Power

Question 48

Traditional Leadership Motive Pattern?

Answer 48

1. High need for Power. 2. Low need for affiliation 3. High self control (inhibition)

Question 49

Compassionate Leadership Motive Pattern

Answer 49

1) High need for Power 2) High need for Affiliation 3) High Self-control (inhibition)