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Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Ranitidine, Cimetidine, and Dipyridamole after oral administration produce a blood concentration curve consisting of two peaks. What it the term for this phenomena?

A

Double Peak Phenomena

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2
Q

The double peak phenomenon observed for cimetidine may be due to what?

A

Variability in stomach emptying

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3
Q

Does ranitidine produce a double peak after oral, parenteral (IV bolus) administration, or both?

A

Both

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4
Q

What are two primary reasons for the double peak phenomenon?

A
  1. Divided dose

2. Biological effect

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5
Q

Systemic absorption of a drug is dependent on what three physiological factors?

A
  1. The physiochemical properties of the drug
  2. The nature of the drug product
  3. The anatomy and physiology of the absorption site
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6
Q

Solubility, stability, and ionization constants are categorized under which of the following physiological factors related to drug absorption?

a. The physiochemical properties of the drug
b. The nature of the drug product
c. The anatomy and physiology of the absorption site

A

The physiochemical properties of the drug

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7
Q

Effect of the excipients on drug release and properties by the formulation are categorized under which of the following physiological factors related to drug absorption?

a. The physiochemical properties of the drug
b. The nature of the drug product
c. The anatomy and physiology of the absorption site

A

The nature of the drug product

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8
Q

Local environment, specialized anatomical features, transit time are categorized under which of the following physiological factors related to drug absorption?

a. the physiochemical properties of the drug
b. The nature of the drug product
c. The anatomy and physiology of the absorption site

A

The anatomy and physiology of the absorption site

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9
Q

The process of a drug moving across a cell

A

Transcellular absorption

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10
Q

The passage of a substance through gaps or tight junctions between cells

A

Paracellular absorption

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11
Q

The drug substance must be transported from the absorption site through or around one or more layers of cells to gain access into the ___ ____.

A

general circulation

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12
Q

Cell membranes serve as a ___ ____ that separates the cell’s various organelles and sub-structures from the interstitial fluid

A

packaging boundary

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13
Q

Discrepancies of the lipid bilayer model states that ____, _____, and _____ readily cross cell membranes

A
  1. Water
  2. Urea (small MW substances)
  3. Charged ions
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14
Q

Cell membranes represent a ____ selective barrier

A

semipermeable

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15
Q

Can a small, uncharged molecule pass through cell membranes

A

Yes

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16
Q

Can large polar molecules or ions pass through cell membranes?

A

No

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17
Q

O2, CO2, H2O, N2, Glycerol, and Ethanol are:

a. small, uncharge molecules that can pass through cell membranes
b. large polar molecules and ions that cannot pass through the cell membrane

A

a. small, uncharged molecules that can pass through the cell membrane

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18
Q

Parasympatholytic

A

a substance or activity that reduces the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.
The parasympathetic nervous system is often colloquially described as the “Feed and Breed” or “Rest and Digest” portion of the autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

Sympatholytic

A

Drug that opposes the downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

Sympathomimetic

A

Producing physiological effects characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system by promoting the stimulation of sympathetic nerves. (ex. nasal decongestants)

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21
Q

Parasympathomimetic

A

substance that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. These chemicals are also called cholinergic drugs because acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used by the PSNS

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22
Q

Sodium Chloride

A

Tonicity agent used to render a solution similar to osmotic characteristics

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23
Q

Sodium Hydroxide

A

Used to adjust pH

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24
Q

Citric Acid

A

acidifying agent

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25
purified water
solvent
26
Phase 1 metabolism
oxidation
27
Phase 2 metabolism
Glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfation
28
Can erythromycin penetrate the blood brain barrier
Yes
29
Analytical Model
identifies a caregiver as a scientist dealing only in facts and does not consider the human aspect of the patient
30
Engineering Model
A dehumanizing approach and usually ineffective
31
Priestly Model
Provides caregiver with a godlike paternalist attitude that makes decisions for and not with the patient
32
Collegial Model
Provides more cooperative model of pursuing healthcare between provider and patient involving trust and common goals
33
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
has the power to approve, require modification, or disapprove research
34
Minimum age of vaccination with varicella
1 year
35
Phase 1 Trials
Tests for the safety of a drug or device in healthy volunteers
36
Phase 2 Trials
experimental versus control
37
Phase 3 Trials
Target population
38
Adulterated
if a medications strength differs from on the label
39
Tampering
Making unauthorized changes to a medication
40
Drug Bank
Contains drug date with correlating comprehensive drug target
41
Pharmaceutical Industry
Single Richest Source of high quality data
42
RTECS
database that contains toxicity information from open scientific literature
43
TTS
provides information about known and explored therapeutic protein and nucleic acid targets such as targeted disease pathway information, and corresponding drugs directed at each target
44
Strategic Planning
based on thorough and objective assessment of organization's current situation
45
Program Planning
Focuses on clearly defined medium term objectives within the organization's long term goal
46
Retrospective Pre-post design
study that can be completed in a short amount of time
47
Observational Study
Does not require a control group
48
Class 1 Recall
Recall issued due to serious adverse health effect and even death
49
Class 2 Recall
Recall when a drug may cause temporary or adverse drug effects
50
Class 3 Recall
Recalls that are not likely to cause adverse health events
51
4 Ps of marketing
product, pricing, promotion, and place
52
DEA Form 104
Used to surrender controlled substances voluntarily, usually to close a pharmacy
53
DEA Form 106
Used to report loss or theft of controlled substances
54
DEA Form 222
Used to order schedule control 1 or 2 drugs
55
DEA Form 41
Used to return or destroy drugs per DEA approval
56
DEA Form 224
Used for a new application for a new pharmacy, hospital, clinic, practitioner, or teaching institution
57
Who enforces HIPAA?
Office of Civil Rights
58
What do you do if medications exceed available resources
improve efficiency, reduce demand, increase financial resources, accept a decline in quality of care
59
Normative Theory
third level of moral discourse in which norms of behavior and character are discussed
60
Action Theory
Focuses on the action itself
61
Value theory
addresses what kinds of consequences are good in a given situation
62
Virtue Theory
Addresses what kinds of character traits are morally praiseworthy
63
Basic Outcome List
Death, Disease, Disability, Discomfort, Dissatisfaction, and Dollars
64
P < 0.05
clinically important difference between study groups
65
P > 0.05
both study groups are the same
66
Cash budget details
expected cash receipts and disbursments
67
Expected cash Collections
Detailed in cash receipts budget
68
Expected Cas Payments
Detailed in cash disbursements budget
69
List of expenses
part of selling, general, and administrative budget
70
2 way crossover study
all subjects receive the same treatment
71
Cost effectiveness analysis
used to compare alternatives with therapeutic effects measured in physical units, where ratio of cost and effectiveness is also computed
72
cost utility analysis
used to estimate the cost of a disease in a defined population
73
Cost benefit analysis
used to measure benefit in monetary units and computes net gian
74
Cost analysis
used to measure and compare costs of various options without the measurement of outcomes
75
McCarthy Proposed Tools
product, price, place, and promotion
76
Subjects vulnerable to coercion and or undue influence
Children, Prisoners, Pregnant Women, mentally disabled persons, and economically and educationally disadvantaged persons
77
Waxman Hatch Amendment
provides patent extensions to innovator drugs and allows generics to go to market faster
78
Prescription Drug used fee act
requires manufacturers to pay fees for applications and supplements when FDA must review clinical studies
79
Kefauver Harris Amendment
requires drugs to be proven safe and effective
80
Nutrition Labeling and education Act
Requires FDA to regulate dietary supplements more as food than drugs
81
Durham Humphrey Amendment
requires labels to contain "Caution: Federal Law prohibits dispensing without a prescription"

PCOA Prep (1 decks)

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