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PCOA Prep > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

Ranitidine, Cimetidine, and Dipyridamole after oral administration produce a blood concentration curve consisting of two peaks. What it the term for this phenomena?

A

Double Peak Phenomena

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2
Q

The double peak phenomenon observed for cimetidine may be due to what?

A

Variability in stomach emptying

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3
Q

Does ranitidine produce a double peak after oral, parenteral (IV bolus) administration, or both?

A

Both

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4
Q

What are two primary reasons for the double peak phenomenon?

A
  1. Divided dose

2. Biological effect

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5
Q

Systemic absorption of a drug is dependent on what three physiological factors?

A
  1. The physiochemical properties of the drug
  2. The nature of the drug product
  3. The anatomy and physiology of the absorption site
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6
Q

Solubility, stability, and ionization constants are categorized under which of the following physiological factors related to drug absorption?

a. The physiochemical properties of the drug
b. The nature of the drug product
c. The anatomy and physiology of the absorption site

A

The physiochemical properties of the drug

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7
Q

Effect of the excipients on drug release and properties by the formulation are categorized under which of the following physiological factors related to drug absorption?

a. The physiochemical properties of the drug
b. The nature of the drug product
c. The anatomy and physiology of the absorption site

A

The nature of the drug product

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8
Q

Local environment, specialized anatomical features, transit time are categorized under which of the following physiological factors related to drug absorption?

a. the physiochemical properties of the drug
b. The nature of the drug product
c. The anatomy and physiology of the absorption site

A

The anatomy and physiology of the absorption site

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9
Q

The process of a drug moving across a cell

A

Transcellular absorption

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10
Q

The passage of a substance through gaps or tight junctions between cells

A

Paracellular absorption

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11
Q

The drug substance must be transported from the absorption site through or around one or more layers of cells to gain access into the ___ ____.

A

general circulation

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12
Q

Cell membranes serve as a ___ ____ that separates the cell’s various organelles and sub-structures from the interstitial fluid

A

packaging boundary

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13
Q

Discrepancies of the lipid bilayer model states that ____, _____, and _____ readily cross cell membranes

A
  1. Water
  2. Urea (small MW substances)
  3. Charged ions
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14
Q

Cell membranes represent a ____ selective barrier

A

semipermeable

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15
Q

Can a small, uncharged molecule pass through cell membranes

A

Yes

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16
Q

Can large polar molecules or ions pass through cell membranes?

A

No

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17
Q

O2, CO2, H2O, N2, Glycerol, and Ethanol are:

a. small, uncharge molecules that can pass through cell membranes
b. large polar molecules and ions that cannot pass through the cell membrane

A

a. small, uncharged molecules that can pass through the cell membrane

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18
Q

Parasympatholytic

A

a substance or activity that reduces the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.
The parasympathetic nervous system is often colloquially described as the “Feed and Breed” or “Rest and Digest” portion of the autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

Sympatholytic

A

Drug that opposes the downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

Sympathomimetic

A

Producing physiological effects characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system by promoting the stimulation of sympathetic nerves. (ex. nasal decongestants)

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21
Q

Parasympathomimetic

A

substance that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. These chemicals are also called cholinergic drugs because acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used by the PSNS

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22
Q

Sodium Chloride

A

Tonicity agent used to render a solution similar to osmotic characteristics

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23
Q

Sodium Hydroxide

A

Used to adjust pH

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24
Q

Citric Acid

A

acidifying agent

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25
Q

purified water

A

solvent

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26
Q

Phase 1 metabolism

A

oxidation

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27
Q

Phase 2 metabolism

A

Glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfation

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28
Q

Can erythromycin penetrate the blood brain barrier

A

Yes

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29
Q

Analytical Model

A

identifies a caregiver as a scientist dealing only in facts and does not consider the human aspect of the patient

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30
Q

Engineering Model

A

A dehumanizing approach and usually ineffective

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31
Q

Priestly Model

A

Provides caregiver with a godlike paternalist attitude that makes decisions for and not with the patient

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32
Q

Collegial Model

A

Provides more cooperative model of pursuing healthcare between provider and patient involving trust and common goals

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33
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

has the power to approve, require modification, or disapprove research

34
Q

Minimum age of vaccination with varicella

A

1 year

35
Q

Phase 1 Trials

A

Tests for the safety of a drug or device in healthy volunteers

36
Q

Phase 2 Trials

A

experimental versus control

37
Q

Phase 3 Trials

A

Target population

38
Q

Adulterated

A

if a medications strength differs from on the label

39
Q

Tampering

A

Making unauthorized changes to a medication

40
Q

Drug Bank

A

Contains drug date with correlating comprehensive drug target

41
Q

Pharmaceutical Industry

A

Single Richest Source of high quality data

42
Q

RTECS

A

database that contains toxicity information from open scientific literature

43
Q

TTS

A

provides information about known and explored therapeutic protein and nucleic acid targets such as targeted disease pathway information, and corresponding drugs directed at each target

44
Q

Strategic Planning

A

based on thorough and objective assessment of organization’s current situation

45
Q

Program Planning

A

Focuses on clearly defined medium term objectives within the organization’s long term goal

46
Q

Retrospective Pre-post design

A

study that can be completed in a short amount of time

47
Q

Observational Study

A

Does not require a control group

48
Q

Class 1 Recall

A

Recall issued due to serious adverse health effect and even death

49
Q

Class 2 Recall

A

Recall when a drug may cause temporary or adverse drug effects

50
Q

Class 3 Recall

A

Recalls that are not likely to cause adverse health events

51
Q

4 Ps of marketing

A

product, pricing, promotion, and place

52
Q

DEA Form 104

A

Used to surrender controlled substances voluntarily, usually to close a pharmacy

53
Q

DEA Form 106

A

Used to report loss or theft of controlled substances

54
Q

DEA Form 222

A

Used to order schedule control 1 or 2 drugs

55
Q

DEA Form 41

A

Used to return or destroy drugs per DEA approval

56
Q

DEA Form 224

A

Used for a new application for a new pharmacy, hospital, clinic, practitioner, or teaching institution

57
Q

Who enforces HIPAA?

A

Office of Civil Rights

58
Q

What do you do if medications exceed available resources

A

improve efficiency, reduce demand, increase financial resources, accept a decline in quality of care

59
Q

Normative Theory

A

third level of moral discourse in which norms of behavior and character are discussed

60
Q

Action Theory

A

Focuses on the action itself

61
Q

Value theory

A

addresses what kinds of consequences are good in a given situation

62
Q

Virtue Theory

A

Addresses what kinds of character traits are morally praiseworthy

63
Q

Basic Outcome List

A

Death, Disease, Disability, Discomfort, Dissatisfaction, and Dollars

64
Q

P < 0.05

A

clinically important difference between study groups

65
Q

P > 0.05

A

both study groups are the same

66
Q

Cash budget details

A

expected cash receipts and disbursments

67
Q

Expected cash Collections

A

Detailed in cash receipts budget

68
Q

Expected Cas Payments

A

Detailed in cash disbursements budget

69
Q

List of expenses

A

part of selling, general, and administrative budget

70
Q

2 way crossover study

A

all subjects receive the same treatment

71
Q

Cost effectiveness analysis

A

used to compare alternatives with therapeutic effects measured in physical units, where ratio of cost and effectiveness is also computed

72
Q

cost utility analysis

A

used to estimate the cost of a disease in a defined population

73
Q

Cost benefit analysis

A

used to measure benefit in monetary units and computes net gian

74
Q

Cost analysis

A

used to measure and compare costs of various options without the measurement of outcomes

75
Q

McCarthy Proposed Tools

A

product, price, place, and promotion

76
Q

Subjects vulnerable to coercion and or undue influence

A

Children, Prisoners, Pregnant Women, mentally disabled persons, and economically and educationally disadvantaged persons

77
Q

Waxman Hatch Amendment

A

provides patent extensions to innovator drugs and allows generics to go to market faster

78
Q

Prescription Drug used fee act

A

requires manufacturers to pay fees for applications and supplements when FDA must review clinical studies

79
Q

Kefauver Harris Amendment

A

requires drugs to be proven safe and effective

80
Q

Nutrition Labeling and education Act

A

Requires FDA to regulate dietary supplements more as food than drugs

81
Q

Durham Humphrey Amendment

A

requires labels to contain “Caution: Federal Law prohibits dispensing without a prescription”

PCOA Prep (1 decks)

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