Review Flashcards
(266 cards)
0
Q
What is a cancer cluster
A
An area where alot of cancer cases are observed
Example Chernobyl
1
Q
What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance
A
Codominance is when two alleles are equally dominant
Incomplete dominance is a mixing of phenotype a where the offspring shows an intermediate phenotype
2
Q
What is the difference between an oncogene and protooncogene?
A
Oncogene is a mutated form of a gene that promotes cancer development
Porto-oncogene is a gene involved in cell division that promotes normal cell division when functioning properly
3
Q
How is biological fitness estimated
A
The number of offspring an organism produces is counted and compared to other organisms in the same population.
4
Q
Why was Darwin and Wallace’s theory a big deal?
A
It proposed that species change over time and highlighted that importance of variation among species
5
Q
What is a vestigial trait?
A
Traits that are reduced or incompletely developed structure that has little to no function in an organism
6
Q
Name and describe the three types of homololgies
A
Structural- morphological
Arm bones in birds and in humans
Developmental- embryos
Tail in humans
Genetics- DNA
Humans and fruit flies
7
Q
Define evolution
A
Change in allele frequencies over time
8
Q
List the three types of natural selection and describe them
A
Directional
Stabilization
Disruptive
9
Q
What is the difference the difference between pre and post-zygotic isolation
A
Pre zygotic- before fertilization Temporal/seasonal Habitat/ ecological Behavior no attraction Gametic barrier Mechanical Postzygotic- after fertilization Hybrid viability- zygote does not develop properly or does shortly after birth Hybrid sterility- hybrid will survive but cannot reproduce
10
Q
Why doesn’t gene flow promote speciation
A
Gene flow makes two populations more similar over time this speculation is not likely to occur in a population that is continuously mating with members of another population
11
Q
What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation
A
Sympatric speciation involves a genetic separation that does not involve physical barriers
Allopatric speciation involves a geographic isolation
Dispersal- colony formation
Vicariance- chance barrier formation
12
Q
What are the mechanisms of evolution? Be able to define them
A
Natural selection- certain alleles are favored
Gene flow- movement of alleles between populations
Genetic Drift- random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events
Mutation- production of new alleles
13
Q
What is the difference between a genetic bottleneck and a fonder effect?
A
Genetic bottle neck- population size is greatly reduced
Fonder effect- changes in gene frequencies that usually accompany starting a new population from a small number of Individuals
14
Q
What is the biological species concept?
A
A way of defining species by whom they can mate with
15
Q
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
A
A mathematical model that says that genotype frequencies don’t chance from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary chances.
16
Q
How old is earth
A
4.6 billion years old
17
Q
What decreased the number of infections from 1900 to 1940
A
The introduction of the germ theroy changes in sanitation and changes in nutrition
18
Q
What disease caused the major spike in deaths in 1918?
A
The Spanish flu
19
Q
Fungus are called the great decomposes because they can breakdown what two compounds
A
Lignin and cellulose
20
Q
Why are Cyanobacteria important ?
A
They were the first organisms to do oxygen photosynthesis
They also increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere
21
Q
When was the pre Cambrian period
A
4.6 billion years ago to 542 million years ago
22
Q
List 4 hypotheses that might explain the Cambrian explosion ?
A
Increased oxygen levels
Evolution of predation
Increase abundance and variety of niches
New genes cause by mutations
23
Q
Why are protist considered a para phyletic group
A
They do not share a single common ancestor
Not all eukaryotes are protist
Land plants animals and fungi are not Protists
24
What is a mass extinction
Where at least 60% of a species are wiped out within a million years
25
Why is the germ theory important ? What did Robert Koch successfully link?
It links a specific bacteria with a specific disease, improved sanitation and removed superstition of whiches and evil causing death
Diseases: cholera, tuberculosis and anthrax
26
What is the endosymbiosis theory
Lynn Margulis's theory that claims that mitochondria originated when a bacteria took residence in a eukaryotic cell
27
What is the out of Africa hypothesis
All humans came from Africa.
28
How is the nuclear envelope formed
Plasma membrane surrounding the chromosomes folded inward
29
What is an adaptive radiation? What causes adaptive radiation?
When a single lineage produces many descendant species that live in a wide variety of habitats and use a wide variety of resources
New resources or new ways to exploit resources
30
What is ecology list the four levels and why is it important
```
Ecology is the study of how organisms interact in their environment
Organismal
Population
Community
Ecosystem
It is important to preserve species
```
31
What is a biome
Large climatic regions
Defined by vegetation that is driven by temp and rainfall
Observed in patterns of latitude and logitude
32
What is NPP
Net Primary Production
| Amount of energy available to consumers and decomposes
33
What is a Hadley cell?
Tropical atmospheric circulation pattern
Hot air rises near equator
The air is pushed poleward by the wind current
Cooler less dense air descends over the subtropics
34
What is an upwelling ?
| What causes them ?
Water current that comes up from the bottom of the ocean
Wind blows across the surface of the water
Earth rotation pushes surface water offshore
Nutrient laden water from the bottom of the ocean is pushed upward
35
What are the three general patterns driving the climates in the USA
Westerly winds blow weather systems until they hit mountain ranges
Precipitation is dumped on the west side of the mountains while dry air moves east
Wet air is circulated north from the Gulf of Mexico
36
What is the purpose of a food chain
To connect trophic levels in an ecosystem and show the movement of energy and nutrients
37
What is biomagnification
Increase in concentration of a toxin at higher levels on a food chain
38
What is toxphene?
| What does POP stand for?
A POP or persistent organic pollutant that bio magnifies in ecosystems because it is a fat-soluble which means it cannot be excreted by an organism
39
What is an estrogen mimic?
Chemicals that is shaped like a steroid that your body misinterprets as a sex hormone
40
What is a keystone species
A species that has a tremendous effect on the structure and function of an ecosystem
Wolves near Yellowstone park
41
What is a mad hatter
What causes this syndrome
What ststem is affected within your body
Loopiness silliness
It is caused by mercury poisoning
It affects the central nervous system
42
What is sustainability
| What affects sustainability
Being green
| Factors human population growth, unwise use of resources and short term problem solving methods
43
Is global warming real?
| What support do we have ?
Yes
| Earth is warming at a much faster rate. Drastic increases in weather variability
44
What percentage of the egg is lost in the first 3 weeks of development
50%
45
What is a spontaneous abortion
It is a miscarriage 15% of clinically recognized pregnancies are spontaneously aborted
46
What are teratagenic birth defects?
What causes them?
How bad are they?
Birth defects that are caused by environmental effects that are experienced by a mother during her pregnancy
Caused by drugs alcohol
Can effect central nervous system and sexual development
47
What is tholitimoid
Morning sickness pill approved by Europe but not in the US
| Causes birth defects
48
When and how do cells become haploids
Anaphase 1 the homologs separate
49
If a cat is n=16 what is the organisms diploid number ?
32
50
How are homologs chromosomes similar ?
Same size and shape they also carry the same genes, but not nessisarly the same alleles.
51
When does genetic recombination take place
Late prophase 1
| Called crossing over
52
What is meant by the phrase "cost of sexual reproduction"?
A sexual produces more offspring but the offspring are more diverse in sexual reproduction
53
What is pleiotropy
When a single gene has multiple effects on a phenotype
54
What is a habitable zone
Distance from sun in which a planet is at a temperature that will allow for liquid water
55
What causes Down syndrome ?
In Antaphase the chromosomes fail to separate
56
What is multiple allelism ?
| Give example
When genes have more than 2 alleles
| Ex ABO blood type
57
What is meant by the statement " meiosis is a reduction division"
Chromosomes number is halved
58
Meiosis two is similar to what process
Mitosis
59
Meiosis 1
| What are the stages and what happens
Interphase- chromosomes replicate in parent cells.
Early prophase- nuclear envelope breaks down and spinal apparatus forms
Late prophase- crossing over of non sister chromatids
Metaphase- homologs line up along meta plate
Anaphase- homologs separate and go to opposite polls
Telophase- cells divid
60
How is meiosis 1 different from meiosis 2
No crossing over or synphasis
| Sister chromatids separate in meiosis 2
61
What is the theory of spontaneous generation?
Cells came from no where
62
What is blending inheritance ?
Is the idea that paternal traits blend together so that offspring has an intermediate trait
63
What is Inheritance of acquired characteristics ?
Paternal traits were modified by experiences and then pass to offspring
64
What is particulate inheritance ?
Idea that chromosomes maintain there integrity from generation to generation
65
What is a pure line ?
Are lines that produce offsprings that are the exact same as them they are homozygous
66
What is a reciprocal cross?
Is used to determine wheatear or not a trait is sex linked.
67
What is a test cross?
Is used to determine the unknown genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype
68
What is independent assortment
Alleles of different genes are transmitted to egg or sperm cells independently of each other
69
What is segregation
Prior to the formation of eggs and sperm the alleles of each gene seperate so that each gamete only receives one of them
70
Nondisjunction
Leads to abnormal chromosome compliments. If homologs or sister chromosatids do not separate normally, daughter cells receive wrong number of chromosomes
71
What is Aneuploid?
To many or to few chromosomes
72
Chiasma
This is where crossing over occurs late prophase 1 it is X shaped
73
What is genetic recombination?
Change of combo of alleles on chromosome
74
What is out crossing ?
Sexual reproduction
75
What is trisomy?
Three copies of chromosomes
| Down syndrome
76
When ploidy is 2n-1 it is?
Monosomy
77
What is a hybrid?
Offspring from mating between true breeding parents that differ in traits
78
What is a Karyotype?
Number and type of chromosomes present
79
What are sister chromatids?
Same genetic info. Physically joined at a portion called the centromere
80
What are unreplicated chromosomes?
Single DNA molecule with proteins
81
What are replicated chromosomes?
Two sister chromatids
82
What is Gameteogenesis?
Origin of gametes
83
What is the life cycle?
Sequence from fertilization to offspring
84
What is Synaptonemal complex?
It holds sister chromatids together
85
What is asexual reproduction?
Production of offspring without fusing of gametes, no energy waste for males, size of population grows quickly, purifying selection, reduce deleterious alleles, little genetic diversity
86
What is sexual reproduction?
Production of offsprings through fusion of gametes, genetic diversity, disease resistance
87
Dihybrid crosses produce what ratio?
9:3:3:1
88
What is the paternal generation?
F1
89
What is the Genetic model?
Set of hypothesis that explains how a particular trait is inherited
90
What is the Locus?
Physical location on a gene
91
What is the Wildtype?
Most common phenotype for a trait?
92
What is linkage ?
Physical association among genes on the same chromosome
93
What is Recombinant ?
Combination of alleles on their X chromosome different from combination of alleles in parent generation
94
What is the Genetic Map
Shows relative position along particular chromosome
95
What is Polymorphic ?
More than two distinct phenotype a present in a population because of multiple allelism
96
What is Gene-by-environment ?
Phenotype is effected by both the environment and genotype
97
What is Gene-by-gene interaction ?
Phenotype of allele depends on action of alleles on other genes
98
What is a discrete trait?
Traits of either
| Ex wrinkled and non wrinkled seeds
99
What are Quantitibe traits ?
Differ of degree
| Bell curve
100
What is polygenic inheritance ?
Each gene adds a small Mkubt to value of phenotype
| Usually Quantitibe traits
101
What is a Pedigree ?
Family tree
102
What is Pedigree autosomal dominant?
Doesn't skip generations, unaffected parents do not have affected children
103
What is pedigree autosomal ressesive?
Skips generations carriers unaffected parents can have affected children
104
What is pedigree sex linked ?
Females or males only affected though can be carriers skips generations
105
What is pedigree X linked dominant trait ?
Affected males have all affected daughters no affected sons
106
Pedigree mitochondrial
Mitochondria passed on by mother only
107
Evolution by natural selection occurs when?
Individuals with certain alleles produce the most surviving offsprings in a population
108
What is an adaptation?
It is a genetically based trait that increases an individual's ability to produce offsprings in a particular environment
109
Does evolution by natural selection change characteristics of individuals ?
No it changes the populations
110
Is evolution by natural selection progressive ?
No
111
Are all traits adaptable ?
| And do animals do things for the good of the species?
No not all traits are adaptable. All adaptions are constrained by trade offs and genetic and historical factors
No
112
What is typological thinking ?
It is the idea that species are in changing types and variations within species and unimportant/ misleading
113
What is population thinking ?
Instead of being unimportant/misleading variation amount individuals is the key to understanding the nature of species
114
What is evolution to species
Descendant with modifications
115
What is the pattern Component of evolution ?
Species change through time species related by common ancestory
116
What is the fossil record
All fossils that have been found
117
What is the geological time scale ?
Sequence of named intervals eons eras and periods
118
What are sedimentary rock?
Mud sand minerals
| Layers young on top of old
119
With is a transitional feature?
Intermediate between those of older and younger species
120
What is phylogeny?
Family tree of populations or species
121
What is homologs ?
Similarity in traits because inherited traits from common ancestor
122
What are the 3 types of homology?
Gentic homology-DNA sequenced commonly
Developmental homology- embryonic commonality
Structural homology- similar in morphology (form)
123
What is internal consistency?
Observation backed by independent resources.
124
What are the 4 postulates of natural selection?
1. Organisms that make population vary in traits they express
2. Some traits are heritable
3. In given generations, more offsprings produce that can survive
4. Surviving offspring is not random
125
What is adaption?
Heritable traits that increase fitness of in individual in a certain area. It increases fitness
126
Natural selection acts on ?
Individuals
127
Natural experiments ?
Allow researchers to compare treatment groups created by unplanned change in conditions
128
What is acclamation?
Changes in individuals phenotype that occurs in response to changes in the environment
129
What does SINES stand for?
Short interspersed nuclear elements.
130
Fossils form when?
An organism in buried in ash sand mud or other sediments
131
What is genetic correlation ?
Pleiotropy (one gene effects multiple traits)
132
Amber is formed when?
If no decomposition, organic remains, and remains intact
133
Petrified wood is formed when?
Remains Roy slowly dissolved minerals can infiltrate the interior of the cells and harden into stone
134
What is habitat bias?
Places with alot of sediments more Likely to form fossils than organisms that live in other habitats
135
What is taxonomic and tissue bias?
Slow decay is essential to fossilization
| Harder organism parts are more likely to leave evidence
136
What is temporal bias?
Recent fossils are more common that older fossils
137
What is abundance bias?
Organisms that are abundant widespread and present on earth for long periods of time leave more evidence than ones that are not
138
What is radio metric dating ?
Is based on decay rates of certain radioactive isotopes
139
What era only had unicellular organisms and oxygen was not present on the earths atmosphere?
The Precambrian Era
140
What era was the origin and initial diversification of animals land plants and fungis
Paleozoic era
141
What era were the dinosaurs wiped out in?
The end of the Mesozoic Era
142
What is a niche ?
Range of resources that a species can use range of conditions they can tolerate
143
What are ecological opportunities
Meaning availability of new or novel types of resources
144
What is Morphological innovation ?
One that allows descendants to live in new areas exploit new sources of good and move in new ways triggered many of the important diversification events in the history of life
145
The first 3 billion years on earth organisms were ?
Unicellular
146
How long ago was multicellular algae created?
1 billion years ago
147
How long ago was the Cambrian explosion?
565 mya
148
What triggered the Cambrian explosion?
Higher oxygen levels
Evolution of predation
New niches
New genes
149
What were found at the doushantou ?
Tiny sponges clusters of cells( assumed animal embryos)
| Probably lived by filtering organic debris from water
150
What was found at Ediacaran Faunas?
It had sponges jellyfish comb jellies follilized burrows tracks and traces of unidentified animals
None had shells and its assumed that they burrowed
151
The Burgess Shale fauna
Sponges jelly fish comb jellies Arthropoda mollusk
Increase in size of morphological complexity of animals occurred accompanied by diversification in how they made a living
Eyes mouths limbs and shells
152
Name the five mass extinctions
```
End-creaceous
Late Triasic
End Permian
Late Devonian
End Ordovican
```
153
What evidence of the Astroid impact is there ?
Concentration of iriium normal quartz vs shocked quartz walls of crater off the Yucatan Peninsula
154
What is background extinction?
Lower average rate of extinction
Normal environmental changes, emerging diseases, or compition
. Natural selection
155
What is the mother of all mass extinctions and left 10% of species?
End Permian
156
What could of caused the end of Permian ?
```
Global warming
Flood basalts added alot of CO2
Heat
Oceans lost oxygen
Sea levels dropped dramatically
```
157
What is the impact hypothesis ?
An Astroid wiped out the dinosaurs
158
What is bacteria ?
Peptidoglycan in cell walls
159
What is Archeas?
Phospholipids in plasma membrane
160
What are the lineages in bacteria and archea?
Ancient diverse abundant and ubiquitous
161
What is a mono phyletic group?
Consists of a species and all decedents
162
What is Cyanobacteria ?
A blue green algae
163
What is extreophile?
High or low salt, temperatures, or pressure
164
What is pathogenic?
Disease causing
165
In terms of bio mass what is the most abundant form of life?
Bacteria and Archea
166
How much of bacteria causes illnesses?
Only a tiny portion
167
What was discovered in 1945
Penicillin
168
What allows for heterotrophs to live almost anywhere?
Bacteria and archea by electron donors electron acceptors and fermentation substrates
169
Evolution of 3 types of photosynthesis
Bacteriorhodopsin
Geothermal energy
Pigments that donate high energy electrons to ETC extends the niches that support phototrophs
170
What are the only species to convert nitrogen into ammonia
Bacteria and Archea
171
Do Protists make up a monophyletic group?
No
172
Are Protists paraphyletic?
Yes ( represent some but not all descendants of a single common ancestor)
173
Do synapmorphies define Protists ?
No
174
What are Irish potato famine and malaria caused by ?
Protists
175
What are phytophthora infestans?
Parasites
176
What carries Malaria ?
Mosquitos
177
What is Plasmodium?
Malaria
178
What causes Harmful Algal Blooms?
When unicellular species experience rapid population growth and reaches high densities in an aquatic environment usually due to dinoflagellate
179
How do Proyists play a key role on aquatic food chains ?
Photosyntic Protists take in CO2 and reduce it to form sugars or other energy compounds. They are primary producers. These are up to half the total CO2 that is fixed on earth.
180
What are plankton?
Diatoms or other small organisms that live near surface
181
What are many species at the base of the food chain in aquatic environments ?
Protists
182
What is the global carbon cycle ?
Starts when CO2 from atmosphere dissolves in water and is taken up by primary producers and converted to organic matter. When they die they are either eaten or sink to the bottom of ocean. When Protists have shells made of CACO3 they sink and become compressed sedimentary rock or become petroleum. Cycle speeds up when habitats are fertilized with iron. Iron is critical for ETC but in short supply in open ocean. After iron is added populations of Protists and other producers increases up to ten times. Fertilizing oceans with iron may reduce CO2 concentration in atmosphere.
183
What do eukaryotes have ?
Nucleus and endomembrane system, mitochondria or genes normally found in mitochondria, and cytoskeletons.
184
What do scientists hypothesis about the first eukaryotes ?
That they were probably single called organisms with a nucleus and endomembrane system, mitochondria and a cytoskeleton.
But no cell wall.
Also they had different flagella.
185
What is flagella ?
A slider thread like structure that enables many Protists and bacteria to swim
186
Diplomonads have ?
Two identical nuclei
187
Foraminifera, red algae, and plasmodial slime molds may contain?
Many nuclei
188
Dinoflagellates have chromosomes that lack what and what do they attach to?
They lack Histones and attach to nuclear envelopes
189
What are ATP's generated by ?
Mitochondria
190
What is endosymbiosis ?
Inside together living
191
When does symbiosis occur?
When 2 different species live in physical contact
192
What is multicellularity?
Organisms that consist of multiple cells
193
Do all cells express the same genes ?
No
194
How did eykarotic chloroplast originate?
When a protist engulfed a Cyanobacteria
195
What was the relationship between the protist and Cyanobacteria when it was engulfed?
The bacteria provided oxygen and glucose in exchange for protection and light
196
What is primary endosymbiosis vs secondary ?
Primary is direct from Cyanobacteria and secondary is when an organism engulfs a photosynthetic eukaryote
197
What do plants provide humans ?
```
Food
Fuel
Fiber
Building materials
Medicines
```
198
Crop plants are deprived from what for of selection?
Artificial selection
199
Non vascular plants
Do not have vascular tissue to conduct water/provide support
200
Seedless vascular plants
Have vascular tissues but don't make seeds
201
Seed plants
Have vascular tissue and make seeds
202
What is the origin of land plants ?
Evidence of land plants
203
What is significant about the Silurian Devonian explosion?
Most major morphological innovation sotmata vascular tissue rooms leaves
204
What is abundant in extensive coal forming swamps?
Carboniferous lycophytes and horsetail
205
What is gymnosperms ?
Both wet and dry environments blanketed with green plants for the first time
206
What is angiosperm?
Diversification of flower plants
207
What is sporangia?
Spore producing structures
208
What is a Stoma?
Mouth that allows for CO2 intake
209
What is Cuticle?
Water right sealant that covers above grouf parts of plants and gives them the ability to survive in dry environments
210
What are guard cells?
Open and close pores.
211
What is the evolution of plants ?
```
Green algae
Land plants
Vascular plants
seed plants
Flowering plants
```
212
Fungi provide what for land plants ?
Nutrients
213
What forms networks in the soil and plants grow better in?
Mycorrhizal fungi
214
Mycorrhizal does what?
Speeds up cycle of carbon atoms through terrestrial ecosystem
Digest cellulose and lignin to obtain augers and other organic compounds
215
What is symbiotic?
Interaction between species
216
What is mutuialistic ?
Both benefit
217
What is parasitic?
One benefits while the other is harmed
218
What is commensal?
One organism benefits without hurting the other
219
What is extra cellular digestion?
Large molecules like starch lignin cellulose proteins
220
Do fungi have to digest food before they absorb it?
Yes
221
Diploblastic (two types of tissues) animals have bodies built from?
Ectoderm and endoderm
222
What is ectoderm?
Skin/ nerves
| Produces covering of animals
223
What is endoderm ?
Generates digestive tract
224
What is acorlomate?
No coelom ( enclosed fluid filled cavity for cutculation of oxygen and nutrients. And space where organs can move around
225
What is coelom?
Critical during animal evolution because an enclosed fluid filled chamber can be efficient hydrostatic skeleton
226
What is a nerve net?
Nerve cells organized into a different arrangement
227
What is cephalization ?
Occurred along with bilateral symmetry evolution of head anterior region where feeding sending the environment and process info are concentrated
228
What is an animal?
Multicellular heterotrophs that ingest own good
229
Are protosomes diverse?
Yes
230
What is Chordatas?
Opening in throat called pharyngeal gill slits dorsal hallow nerve chord runs length of body stuff supportive notochord muscular post anal tail
231
What is a primate?
Organisms that hands and feet can grasp things
They have flattened nails large brains compared to body size
color vision
Complex social behavior
Care for offspring
232
What is reinforcement
| Hint natural selection
Natural selection for traits that isolate populations against inbreeding
233
What is sympatric ?
Species are less willing to mate with eachother
234
What is allotropic
Species are more willing to mate
235
What is a hybrid zone?
Geographic area where interbreeding occurs
236
What is hybridization?
Hybrid offsprings can create a third new species with unique combination of allies.
237
What is phylogeny?
Evolution history of groups of organisms
238
What is the phenetic approach?
Based on statistics that summarizes overall similarite among populations
239
What is the cladistic approach?
Trees based on shared characters
240
What is an ancestral trait?
Was in ancestor
241
Can 2 species have similar years but not have common ancestors ?
Yes because similar traits evolve independently in 2 distantly related groups
242
What is homology?
When traits are similar because of common ancestors
243
What is homoplasy?
When traits are similar for other reasons than common ancestors
244
What is convergent evolution ?
Natural selection favors similar solutions that do not occur in common ancestors
245
What is a hox gene?
Derived from same ancestral sequence (gene organized similarly, share 180 base pairs called homeobox, have similar functions)
246
What is parsimony?
Most likely explanation or pattern is least amount changed
247
What is an out group?
Closely related to monophyletic group but not part of it
248
What is the primary goal of ecology?
To understand the distribution and abundance of organisms
249
What are the 4 main levels of ecology?
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
250
In lake overturn what is winter stratification?
Where the top of the lake has high O2 concentration which causes for the top to be cold and as you get deeper it gets warmer
251
In lake over turn what is spring and fall overturn?
The mixing of O2 to make the lake the same temp
252
In lake overturn what is summer stratification ?
High O2 levels at top causing to keep high temps at too and less dense water sinks and is cooler at the bottom
253
Are bogs stagnant and acidic?
Yes
254
What kind of plants are in marshes?
Non woody plants
255
What kind of plants are in swamps ?
Trees and shrubs
256
What are the 4 components of an ecosystem?
The abiotic environment
Primary producers
Consumers
Decomposers
257
What is the Net Primary Production?
Gross photosynthesis- respiration
258
What is the decomposer food chain ?
It is made up of organisms that eat remains of dead organisms
259
What is the grazing food chain?
It is composed of the network of herbivores and organisms that eat herbivores
260
Describe the water cycle.
Evaporation the precipitation
261
What does the global hydrological cycle do?
Transports and purifies water
262
Are CO2 concentrations higher in the summer or winter?
Winter
263
Robert hook discovered what?
Cells
264
What is autosome
Non sex linked
265
What is homologous?
Chromosomes of same type alleles of same genes
