Review Flashcards
(38 cards)
1
Q
medical term for “dry mouth”
A
xerostomia
2
Q
Projection fibers
A
create connections between cortex and subcortical structures
3
Q
association fibers
A
connect areas within same hemisphere
superior longitudinal fibers, aka arcuate fasciculus
4
Q
commissural fibers
A
inter-hemispheric connectors (connect right and left hemispheres)
*corpus callosum
5
Q
CN V
A
trigeminal nerve
- mixed nerve (sensory & motor nerve)
- 3 branches: opthalmic branch (sensory branch from nose, eyes, forehead); maxillary branch (sensory branch from nose, upper lip, maxilla, upper cheek, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, nasopharynx, palate); mandibular branch (sensory branch from mandible, lower teeth, lower lip, tongue, part of cheek, part of external ear/motor fibers that innervate temporalis, lateral & medial pterygoids, masseter, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric)
6
Q
CN VII
A
facial nerve, mixed nerve (sensory & motor)
- sensory fibers responsible for taste sensations on ANTERIOR 2/3 of tongue
- motor fibers innervate muscles important for facial expression and speech
7
Q
CN VIII
A
acoustic/vestibulocochlear nerve
- sensory nerve
- balance and hearing
8
Q
CN X
A
vagus nerve, mixed
- motor fibers supply digestive system, heart, lungs, pharynx, larynx
- sensory fibers = convey info from digestive system, heart, trachea and bronchi, lower pharynx, larynx, epiglottis; transmits pain, touch, and temperature from skin
- RLN supplies intrinsic muscles of larynx (LCA, PCA, interarytenoids, thyroarytenoid)
- SLN = CRICOTHYROID
- pharyngeal branch - pharyngeal constrictors and muscles of velum EXCEPT tensor veli palatini (CN V)
9
Q
CN XI
A
spinal accessory nerve, motor nerve
- supplies trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles –> assist in head and neck movements
- also innervates uvula and levator veli palatini muscles of soft palate (along with vagus nerve CN X)
10
Q
CN XII
A
hypoglossal nerve, motor nerve
- runs under tongue
- supplies ALL intrinsic muscles of tongue and ALL extrinsic muscles EXCEPT palatoglossus muscle (CN IX)
11
Q
Van Riper’s stuttering approach
A
FLUENT STUTTERING (STUTTER-more-fluently)
- stuttering identification
- desensitization to stuttering
- modifying stuttering = cancellation, pull-outs, preparatory sets
- counseling
12
Q
Fluency Shaping Method
A
SPEAK-more-fluently
- airflow management
- *easy onsets
- reduced rate of speech, no pausing
13
Q
Fluency Reinforcement Method
A
- **works with young children
- positively reinforces fluent speech in naturalistic conversational contexts
14
Q
Masking & Delayed Auditory Feedback Techniques
A
slowed down rate of speech –> monotonous speech
15
Q
Pause-and-talk (time out)
A
- direct stuttering reduction method
- person who stutters is taught to pause after each dysfluency and then resume talking
- preferred for older children and adults
16
Q
Response cost
A
- direct stuttering reduction method
- for every instance of stuttering, clinician takes away a token, which is awarded for every fluent production
- preferred for preschoolers and young children
17
Q
acceleration-deceleration injuries
A
- head is set into motion by physical forces but brain is still static –> brain begins to move –> when head stops moving, brain keeps moving inside skill –> brain hits skull on opposite side of initial impact
- more serious than non-acceleration injuries
18
Q
non-acceleration injuries
A
restrained head is hit by a moving object
- ex. car crushing a mechanic that is underneath it
- impression trauma
19
Q
ataxia
A
muscular incoordination and irregular movements
20
Q
ataxic dysarthria
A
- damage to cerebellar system
- characterized primarily by articulatory and prosodic problems (impaired timing and coordination of muscle movements), hypotonia, uncoordinated, jerky, imprecise movements
21
Q
flaccid dysarthria
A
- LMN damage
- characterized by hypotonia, muscle weakness, drunken speech
- causes: ALS, myasthenia gravis
- can affect speech related CN (V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII)
22
Q
hyperkinetic dysarthria
A
- damage to basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system)
- characterized by involuntary movements (myoclonus, tics, chorea, athetosis, ballism, hemiballism, dystonia, etc.)
- common causes: degenerative diseases (Huntington’s disease), vascular diseases (brainstem stroke), TBI, Tourette’s, spasmodic dysphonia
23
Q
hypokinetic dysarthria
A
- damage to basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system)
- characterized by muscular rigidity, reduced force & range of movements, tremors, mask-like face, micrographic writing, shuffling steps
- common causes: Parkinson’s disease, CVA, drug toxicity, etc.
24
Q
spastic dysarthria
A
- damage to UMN
- characterized by spasticity, weakness, imprecise production of consonants, distorted vowels, etc.
- common causes: multiple strokes, MS, TBI, etc.
25
mixed dysarthria
- combination of 2 or more dysarthrias
- most common mixed forms = flaccid-spastic (associated with ALS)
& ataxic-spastic (associated with MS)
26
unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria (UUMN)
- damage to UMN
- characterized by unilateral weakness (of the face, tongue, palate, etc.), harshness, imprecise production of consonants, etc.
- associated disorders: dysphagia, apraxia, aphasia, right-hemisphere syndrome
27
myoclonus
- involuntary, rapidly occurring jerks of body parts
| - may be single or multiple muscles
28
orofacial dyskinesia
abnormal, involuntary, rhythmic or nonrhythmic movements of the orofacial muscles
29
chorea
purposeles, random, involuntary movements of body parts
30
athetosis
slow, writhing, purposeless movements; may be a combination of chorea and dystonia
31
dystonia
contractions of antagonistic muscles that cause abnormal postures
32
ballism
bilateral, involuntary, and irregular movement of the extremities; can be violent
33
hemiballism
unilateral, involuntary, and irregular movement of the extremities; can be violent
34
akinesia
absence of movement; immobile posture
35
bradykinesia
difficulty with the initiation of movement
36
festination
type of gait characterized by short, shuffling footsteps that progressively quicken; often seem as an attempt to maintain balance
37
hypomimia
diminished facial movement causing a lack of facial expression
38
hypokinesia
reduced amount and range of motion
