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1
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Changes in allele frequencies within populations.
Often associated with adaptation
Can be measured from one generation to the next
small scale-population

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2
Q

what is macroevolution?

A

Major changes in the history of life
Origin of new species
Generates biological diversity
larger scale-species

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3
Q

What is a species?

A

A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce fertile offspring, reproductively isolated from other such groups

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4
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Species evolve in geographic isolation
Usually associated with a geographic barrier, preventing members of two populations from mating with one another
Involves independent evolution of the populations after the barrier arises

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5
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Species evolve without geographic isolation—species remain together, with potential to interbreed
Probably associated with a genetic barrier due to a single mutational event
Important in plants, but not widespread among animals

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6
Q

What special circumstances are required to keep the gene pools separated in sympatric speciation?

A

-Segregation of habitat
-Major alterations in mate recognition or behavior
-Genetic incompatibility

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7
Q

Know the two models of the Pace of Speciation.

A

gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

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8
Q

What are prezygotic barriers? Know the 5 types.

A

Barries that prevent mating or fertilization between species-
Temporal isolation- mating or fertilization occurs during different seasons or time of day
Habitat isolation- occupy geographic area but they occupy different habitats which prevents them from mating
Behavioral isolation- structural differences prevent fertilization
Mechanical isolation- the type of reproductive behavior that occurs when reproductive structures of different species are incompatible
Gametic isolation- female and male gametes fail to unite in fertilization

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9
Q

What are postzygotic barriers? Know the 3 types.

A

prevent survival or reproduction of hybrid offspring- Hybrid inviability
Hybrid sterility
Hybrid breakdown

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10
Q

What is ecology?

A

Is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments.

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11
Q

What are abiotic factors? Know the 5 examples.

A

The nonliving chemical and physical factors in an environment.
rocks, soil, temp, energy, wind/water

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12
Q

What are biotic factors? Know some examples.

A

The biotic component-The living factors in an environment.
animals, birds, plants, fungi, etc

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13
Q

What are the four levels of ecology? Know what each is concerned with.

A

Organismal ecology- evolutionary adaptations
Population ecology- population of an area
Community ecology- assemblages of different populations of species
Ecosystem ecology- ecosystems

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14
Q

What is a habitat?

A

specific environments in which organisms live.

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15
Q

What are 3 types of adaptations that enable organisms to adjust to changes in their environment?

A

Physiological
Anatomical
Behavioral

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16
Q

Name 2 types of Aquatic Biomes? What is the salinity of each?

A

freshwater biomes- less than 1%
marine biomes- 3%

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17
Q

What are some uses for freshwater?

A

drinking water, crop irrigation, sanitation and industry.

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18
Q

What are the 2 categories of freshwater? Know examples of each.

A

Standing water-includes lakes and pond.
Flowing water-includes rivers and streams.

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19
Q

What are wetlands?

A

Transitional biome between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial one.

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20
Q

What are estuaries?

A

Are areas where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean.
Are one of the most biologically productive environments on Earth.

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21
Q

How are terrestrial biomes determined? Know the examples from class.

A

by climate

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22
Q

what is the tree line?

A

highest elevation at which tall vegetation can grow

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23
Q

know the water cycle

A

THE WATER CYCLE.
EVAPORATION.
CONDENSATION.
PRECIPITATION.
INTERCEPTION.
INFILTRATION.
PERCOLATION.
TRANSPIRATION.

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24
Q

what is population density

A

Is the number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume.

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25
what is the mark-and-recapture technique and why is it utilized?
Animals are trapped, marked, and then recaptured after a period of time, how population is measured
26
What are 2 growth models?
exponential- describes the rate of expansion of a population under ideal, unregulated conditions and logistic- slowed limiting factors
27
what is carrying capacity?
Is the number of individuals in a population that the environment can just maintain with no net increase or decrease.
28
How does the US Endangered Species Act define an endangered species vs a threatened species?
Defines an endangered species as one that is “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” Defines a threatened species as one likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.
29
what is a community?
assemblages of species living close enough for potential interactions.
30
what is an ecological niche?
Is the sum total of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.
31
What did G. F. Gause study? What model organism did he utilize? What were his results?
studied the effects of interspecific competition in two closely related species of protists. Gause concluded that two species so similar that they compete for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place.
32
What does the competitive exclusion principle state?
two species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical.
33
predator vs prey
Interaction in which one species (the predator) kills and eats another (the prey).
34
What are some of the plant defenses against herbivores?
Spines and thorns Chemical toxins such as morphine, strychnine, nicotine may be harmful to humans. Other chemicals are utilized by humans; cinnamon, peppermint etc.
35
What are some of the animal defenses against predators?
hiding, escaping, hard shells or quills
36
Why do organisms enter into symbiotic relationships?
plants or animals of different species may be dependent on one another for survival.
37
What types of symbiotic relationships are there?
mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and competition
38
What is a trophic level?
divides species in a community based on there many sources of nutrition
39
Know the different trophic levels and examples of organisms that belong in each.
tertiary consumers- snake secondary consumers- rat primary consumers- insect producers- flowers/plants
40
What are the 4 main nutrients that cycle? Be able to label the cycles on a chart.
carbon, nitrogen , phosphorus, water
41
What is biological magnification?
When energy flows as organic matter through the trophic levels of an ecosystem, much of it is lost at each link in the food chain.
42
What is an energy pyramid?
when energy flows as organic matters through the trophic levels of an ecosystem, most of its lost at each link of the food chain
43
Why are introduced species bad?
can cause rapid extinctions, overtake habitats, mess with trophic levels
44
How are humans impacting ecosytems?
Human activities often intrude in biogeochemical cycles by removing nutrients from one location and adding them to another. -mass extinction
45
Why is biodiversity important?
essential for the processes that support all life on Earth, including humans
46
What is a food web? Be able to read one.
the feeding relationships in an ecosystem
47
What factors increase the loss of biodiversity?
human activity, pollution, overexploitation of resources
48
What is sustainable development?
Balances human needs with the health of the biosphere.
49
What is species richness? What is relative abundance?
-the total number of different species in the community -Relative abundance- measure of how common or rare a species is relative to other species in a defined location or community
50
What was the name of the publication that Darwin published? In what year was it published?
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection-1859
51
What are the two main points of Darwin’s publication?
-He presented evidence that many species of organisms presently inhabiting the earth are descendants of ancestral species. Additionally, he proposed a mechanism for the evolutionary process, natural selection.
52
What is the basic idea of natural selection?
Organisms can change over generations. Individuals with certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others.
53
What is the result of natural selection?
evolutionary adaptation
54
Darwin based his theory of natural selection on two key observations. What are the two observations?
overproduction and individual variation
55
What is unequal reproductive success?
Those individuals with traits best suited for the local environment leave more fertile offspring.
56
What are homologous structures? Know examples we talked about.
Is the similarity in structures due to common ancestry. -limbs of humans and animals- NOT INSECT
57
What is biogeography?
Is the study of the geographic distribution of species.
58
What is comparative anatomy?
Is the comparison of body structure between different species. Confirms that evolution is a remodeling process.
59
What is comparative embryology?
the comparison of structures that appear during the development of different organisms.
60
What is a fossil? How are fossils formed?
Are preserved remnants or impressions left by organisms that lived in the past.
61
Where are fossils found?
sedimentary rock
62
What type of scientist studies fossils?
paleontologist
63
Name 3 examples of natural selection in action.
-Pesticide resistance in insects. -The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. -Drug-resistant strains of HIV.
64
What is a mutation?
changes of DNA in an organism
65
What is sexual recombination?
shuffles alleles during meiosis
66
What is directional selection? What does the phenotypic graph look like compared to the original population curve?
Shifts the phenotypic “curve” of a population. Selects in favor of some extreme phenotype.
67
What is disruptive selection? What does the phenotypic graph look like compared to the original population curve?
Can lead to a balance between two or more contrasting morphs in a population.
68
What is stabilizing selection? What does the phenotypic graph look like compared to the original population curve?
Maintains variation for a particular trait within a narrow range.
69
Sickle-cell anemia confers resistance to what disease?
malaria
70
What is a geographic range?
the area a species follows throughout their life- birds have no permanent habitat, migration
71
What is an exponential growth curve? What shape is this curve?
when data rises over a period of time, creating an upwards trending curve on a graph- j shape
72
What are some factors that limit biotic potential?
disease, predation, restricted food sources
73
What factors that have increased the biotic potential for humans.
74
Define growth rate.
rate of increase or decrease of a population
75
Define niche.
full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organisms lives and the way an organism uses these conditions
76
Which way does energy flow through ecosystems?
flows through ecosystem when consumers feed on producers, it cannot be recycles bust flow continuously
77
What is a biological pyramid?
graphical representation of the relationship between the different living organisms at different trophic levels.
78
How much energy is available to the next level in a biological pyramid?
approximately 10% is passed from level to another
79
How much sunlight energy is captured by producers?
1-2 percent.
80
What is a food web and be able to read a food web.
the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community
81
What is biological magnification?
ny concentration of a toxin, such as pesticides, in the tissues of tolerant organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.
82
What is eutrophication?
excessive richness of nutrients in a body of water
83
What are some things we can do to move toward a sustainable future?
be more energy efficiennt
84
in Alabama, what plant do you commonly see that is classified as an invasive species
kudzu

bio final (1 decks)

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