Review Flashcards
(273 cards)
1
Q
Was created by the Obama Administration and Congressional leaders to jumpstart the American economy.
A
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
2
Q
George W. Bush ran agains Al Gore. Gore was winning the popular vote, but Bush took Florida - giving him enough electoral votes to win.
A
Election of 2000
3
Q
Obama became the first African-American to be elected President
A
2008 Election
4
Q
First Hispanic justice and 3rd woman to serve on the Supreme Court
A
Sonia Sotomayor
5
Q
Gave the federal government more authority to investigate possible terrorist cells
A
USA Patriot Act
6
Q
Doing business via the internet
A
E-Commerce
7
Q
Free trade agreement signed by Canada, the U.S. and Mexico in 1992
A
NAFTA
8
Q
Co-founder of Microsoft. Created one of the most recognized brands in the computer industry
A
Bill Gates
9
Q
Third party candidate in the 1992 election
A
Ross Perot
10
Q
First African-American billionaire and founder of Black Entertainment Television
A
Robert Johnson
11
Q
Against any nation that harbored terrorists
A
War on Terror
12
Q
Study of systems that store and manipulate information
A
Information Technology
13
Q
Manufacturing cities in the Northeast and Midwest began to decline as a result of the collapse of the steel industry. Manufacturing jobs went to Mexico and overseas
A
Rust Belt
14
Q
President that cut federal spending and raised taxes on rich. Was later impeached due to a scandal
A
Bill Clinton
15
Q
Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait and refused the U.N.’s request to withdraw. Coalition forces under US leadership attacked Iraq
A
Persian Gulf War
16
Q
Terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
A
Sept. 11th, 2001
17
Q
Founded the largest Hispanic advertising agency in the US Political consultant to several Republican presidents.
A
Lionel Sosa
18
Q
Founder of Walmart and Sam’s Club
A
Sam Walton
19
Q
Founded a world renowned cosmetic company
A
Estee Lauder
20
Q
Formed in 1947 to further trade by reducing tariff levels on many commodities.
A
GATT
21
Q
Led to the evacuation and flooding of 80% of New Orleans and other parts of the Gulf Coast. Flooding was caused by failure of the levees that surrounded the city.
A
Hurricane Katrina
22
Q
A global media leader and philanthropist who publicly endorsed Barack Obama over Hillary Clinton in the 2008 primaries.
A
Oprah Winfrey
23
Q
Ethnic groups pushed for independence which resulted in civil war and ethnic cleansing in the country formerly known as Yugoslavia. Clinton sent peace-keeping forces into the region to deal with the situation.
A
Balkan Crisis
24
Q
When parts arrive at the phase of production in which they are needed.
A
Just in Time Production
25
a tract of public land set aside (as for use by American Indians)
Reservations
26
the process of adopting or fully understanding information, ideas, or cultural characteristics.
Assimilation
27
authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Also encouraged Native American assimilation into white society.
Dawes Act
28
Founder of the United Steel Corporation. Philanthropist, Social Darwinist
Andrew Carnegie
29
the desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the generous donation of money to good causes.
Philanthropy
30
the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada.
Great Plains
31
An effort to encourage western migration. Gave 160 acre farm allotments of western land (especially in the Great Plains) to anyone who would make improvements on the land and live on it continuously for 5 years.
Homestead Act
32
This was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between 1896 and 1899 after gold was discovered there. Led to the growth of Seattle as a trading post for the miners headed to the Yukon.
Klondike Gold Rush
33
Railroad that stretched across the continent, from East Coast to West Coast. Completed in 1869.
Transcontinental Railroad
34
Ranchers began to develop large ranches in West Texas and other areas of the Southwest. To ship their cattle by rail to markets in the east, cowboys first had to drive large numbers of cattle up trails to Kansas, where the stockyards and railroads were located.
Cattle Industry
35
Drought, insect infestation, railroads that overcharged for shipping goods, high interest rates on mortgages, high prices for farm machinery.
Farm Issues
36
Characterized by rapid industrialization and urbanization in American cities, as well as an increasing gap between rich and poor.
Gilded Age
37
Allowed for the mass production of steel.
Bessemer Process
38
Improved upon by Thomas Edison. Increased factory production by allowing factories to run 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Electric Light
39
Inventor of the telephone
Alexander Graham Bell
40
The push to move west after the American Civil War. The Homestead Act of 1862 and the transcontinental railroads were a motivating factor behind this push.
Westward Expansion
41
This used the scientific method to study factory work and workers and develop the most efficient ways to produce goods. Also known as Taylorism
Time-Study Analysis
42
a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.
Assembly Line
43
an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.
Labor Unions
44
an economic system in which private business operates in competition with each other and largely free of state control.
Free Enterprise
45
Derogatory term for certain late 19th-century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich.
Robber Barons
46
A positive term for businessmen of the late 19th century whose means of amassing a personal fortune were seen as having contributed positively to the country in some way.
Captains of Industry
47
refusal by governments to interfere in the workings of the free market. hands off. no government intervention in business
Laissez-faire
48
A type of community center in working class (typically immigrant) neighborhoods. They provided healthcare, daycare, English language lessons, and other service to working class, immigrant populations. One purpose was to help immigrants assimilate to American culture.
Settlement House
49
Favoring American-born people over immigrants. Also, discrimination of immigrants just because they are foreign-born.
Nativism
50
The growth of cities. City development sped up in the late 19th century due to rapid industrialization.
Urbanization
51
Sought to improve industrialized society by applying the biblical principles of charity and justice. Worked on labor reforms
Social Gospel
52
Founder of the first settlement house in the U.S. (Hull House in Chicago).
Jane Addams
53
Industrialist who made his fortune in the oil refining business, often through unethical means. Had a monopoly on oil refineries.
John D. Rockefeller
54
1882 law that restricted Chinese laborers from coming into the United States.
Chinese Exclusion Act
55
Immigration processing center in San Francisco. Served Asian immigrants to the U.S.
Angel Island
56
Immigration processing center in New York. Served European immigrants to the U.S.
Ellis Island
57
States that the rich are rich because they are meant to be, and the poor are meant to be poor. Used to justify the huge gap between rich and poor during the Gilded Age. Based on Darwin's theory of evolution.
Social Darwinism
58
A set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population by regulating reproduction. An extreme application of Social Darwinism.
Eugenics
59
A party organization, headed by a single boss or small group of people, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state.
Political Machines
60
Infamous political machine in New York City in the late 19th century. Led by William Marcy "Boss" Tweed.
Tammany Hall Ring
61
Federal law that required people applying for government jobs to pass a Civil Service Exam before being hired. Ended the patronage system.
Pendleton Act
62
The power to make appointments to government jobs or the power to grant other political favors
Patronage
63
The process of a stronger nation controlling a weaker territory through political, economic, or militarily means.
Imperialism
64
raw materials, increase naval bases, growing nationalism and helping others.
Reasons for imperialism
65
US Admiral who encouraged the US to strengthen its naval power to become a world power.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
66
Spanish American War
1898
67
US warship blown up in Havana Harbor off the coast of Cuba. The Spanish were blamed and war was declared.
U.S.S. Maine
68
Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.
Acquired territories because of SPAM War
69
Man-made waterway that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
Panama Canal
70
Ensured that the US could trade with China
Open Door Policy
71
President Taft encouraged investment in Latin America
Dollar Diplomacy
72
British passenger ship that was destroyed by a German submarine
Lusitania
73
Telegram sent by Germany, proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany if the US entered the war. In return, Mexico would receive land that it had lost to the US in the Mexican-American War.
Zimmerman Note
74
Battle that led to the surrender of German army and the end of WW I.
Argonne Forest
75
Caused a stalemate; Opposing side's attack from the ditches instead of an open battlefield.
Trench Warfare
76
W. Wilson's proposal for peace after WW I
Fourteen Points
77
International organization formed after WW I to help solve disputes between countries. The US did not join.
League of Nations
78
Ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.
Treaty of Versailles
79
Fearful of communism
Red Scare
80
Causes of WWI
the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary...(MAIN)
81
Nations build large armies to help them secure their empires.
Militarism
82
European nations signed treaties with each other
Alliance System
83
Strong feelings of pride for one's country.
Nationalism
84
Pres. Of the US during WW I. Wilson wanted to fight the war to "make the world safe for democracy.
Woodrow Wilson
85
The commander of the American Expeditionary Force
General John Pershing
86
US Senator who opposed the League of Nations.
Henry Cabot Lodge
87
Main purpose was to stop spying or other treasonous acts but it also severely limited freedom of citizens
Espionage Act
88
Won Congressional Medal of Honor for Valor due to his actions at the Battle of Argonne.
Alvin York
89
authorized the government to raise an army through a draft
Selective Service Act:
90
Spanish colony that wanted independence prior to SPAM War.
Cuba
91
World War I
1914-1918
92
US attempt to not take sides
Neutrality
93
Germany declared all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the navy.
unrestricted submarine warfare
94
Basic rights and freedoms that are guaranteed
Civil Liberties
95
US policy of staying out of the disputes and affairs of other nations.
Isolationism
96
Moment of African Americans north for money from industrialization
Great Migration
97
This president promised a "return to normalcy" when he was elected. People supported this because they wanted the government to focus on domestic and economic issues.
His administration was full of scandal and corruption, including the Teapot Dome scandal
President Harding
98
movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Great Migration
99
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
18th Amendment
100
the act of making or transporting alcoholic liquor for sale illegally
Bootlegging
101
biggest scandal of Harding's administration; Secretary of Interior Albert Fall illegally leased government oil fields in the West to private oil companies; Fall was later convicted of bribery and became the first Cabinet official to serve prison time (1931-1932). Led to people beginning to distrust the government.
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
102
A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom.
Conservative
103
A person whose views favor more govt involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, &increased govt spending
Liberal
104
a consumer buys products by promising to pay small, regular amounts over a period of time
installment buying
105
taxes on imported goods
tariffs
106
an arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future
credit
107
wealth, success
prosperity
108
carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.
flapper
109
Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime
Jazz Age
110
18th Amendment
A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages
Prohibition
111
secret group of people who sold alcohol during the prohibition
Speakeasies
112
a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit
organized crime
113
Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.
mass media
114
cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced, western societies
popular culture
115
Conservative beliefs in the Bible and that it should be literally believed and applied
fundamentalism
116
An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist. The trial placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America.
John T. Scopes
117
A person who embraces new ideas, styles, and social trends.
Modernist
118
1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools
Scopes Trial
119
A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished
Harlem Renaissance
120
African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music during the Harlem Renaissance
Langston Hughes
121
African American writer a who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance (female)
Zora Neale Hurston
122
African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.
Marcus Garvey
123
A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.
Ku Klux Klan
124
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NAACP
125
An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.
speculation
126
Purchasing stock with a little money down with the promise of paying the balance at sometime in the future
Buying on Margin
127
IT sets off an anti-immigrant mentality and spawns off a new investigative part of government concerning communism, socialists, and anarchists.
When General A. Mitchell Palmer leads a series of raids, what happens?
128
This is a result of anti-immigrant mentality and part of red scare; It started off with a murder and these two were assumed guilty.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
129
Who did the KKK expand their hatred to?
Jews, Catholics, all immigrants, and unions
130
1928; Republican; Laissex-faire president; approach to economy known as voluntarism (avoid destroying individuality/self-reliance by government coercion of business); of course, in 1929 the stock market crashed; tried to fix it through creating the Emergency Relief and Construction Act and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (didn't really work).
Herbert Hoover
131
A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
New Deal
132
Franklin D Roosevelt took office as president of the United States. He started his presidency off with the First Hundred Days, which was the beginning of the New Deal. During this period, FDR and congress passed hundreds of bills that promoted social welfare and initiated programs coined alphabet soup programs.
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
133
informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people
fireside chats
134
100 days after FDR was sworn into office. Congress passed into law every request of FDR enacting more major legislation than any single Congress in history
Hundred Days
135
All the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.
bank holiday
136
Provided employment to young men by sending them to camps in national parks and forests - plant trees, build reservoirs, etc.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
137
(FDR) 1933 and 1938. Helped farmers meet mortgages. Found unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of their products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal, this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
138
A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA. Under Section 7a Permitted all workers to join unions of their choice, allowed workers to bargain collectively for wage increases and benefits, allowed workers to go on strike to try to force employers to meet their demands.
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
139
Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition, which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
140
(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
141
monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
142
Conservatives who did not agree with Roosevelt, they wanted government to let business alone and play a less active role in the economy
American Liberty League
143
New Deal critic; focused on the needs of older Americans; ideas for a pension plan for retirees contributed to formation of Social Security
Dr. Frances Townsend
144
The "radio priest." A critic of the New Deal; created the National Union for Social Justice; wanted monetary inflation and the nationalization of the banking system.
Father Charles Coughlin
145
As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc. Known as the "King Fish."
Huey Long
146
established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.
Wagner Act (1935)
147
the greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers
Social Security Act (1935)
148
Authorized in 1935 with the intent of raising employment on useful projects. It focused on improving society, many times by building infrastructure. It was often criticized, but ultimately created over 9 million jobs. It also contributed to the preservation of self esteem, and the genesis of millions of works of art.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
149
Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937, frequently called the Court-packing Bill, was a law proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt. While the bill contained many provisions, the most notorious one (which led to the name "Court-packing Bill") would have allowed the President the power to appoint an extra Supreme Court Justice for every sitting Justice over the age of 70½.
Court-Packing Scheme
150
Government practice of spending more than is taken in from taxes.
deficit spending
151
FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women.
Eleanor Roosevelt
152
Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York.
Dust Bowl
153
John Steinbeck's novel about a struggling farm family during the Great Depression. Gave a face to the violence and exploitation that migrant farm workers faced in America.
Grapes of Wrath
154
A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
155
Changed date president takes office from March 4th to January 20th. Changed start of Congress to January 3rd. End of "Lame Duck" Congress.
20th Amendment
156
Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment.
21st Amendment
157
Created under the Banking Act of 1933 (aka Glass-Steagall Act). Protected depositor's money in banks up $5000 dollars per account ($250,000 today). Put in place so that depositors would not lose savings if banks were to fail again in the future.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
158
Proposed as a voluntary plan to pay for families of Mexican origin in farming areas such as California to return to Mexico. Was really a plan of forced deportation to remove competition over agricultural jobs for dust bowl migrants heading to California looking for work.
Mexican Repatriation Act
159
World War II battle that took place between Japanese and American aircraft carriers in May 1942, halting the Japanese advance in the Pacific
Battle of Coral Sea
160
last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War II; it was an unsuccessful attempt to push back the Allies that crippled Germany by forcing it to use more resources than it could afford
Battle of the Bulge
161
turning point of World War II in the Pacific, in which the Japanese advance was stopped
Battle of Midway
162
American military base attacked by the Japanese on December 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor
163
Operation Torch was the British-American invasion of French North Africa during the North African Campaign of the Second World War which started on 8 November 1942.
Operation Torch
164
7 September 1940, the air raid sirens wailed as the German Air Force, the Luftwaffe, launched a massive raid on London
The Blitz
165
code name of the U.S. government research project that developed the atomic bomb
Manhattan Project
166
code name of the U.S. government research project that developed the atomic bomb
Manhattan Project
167
government agency that encouraged support of the war effort during World War II
Office of War Information (OWI)
168
created to make sure enough war supplies were produced
War Production Board
169
established fixed allotments of goods so that the military had goods deemed a necessity
Rationing
170
November 1941 - the harsh winter had stopped Germans outside Moscow and Leningrad
Hitler planned to attack southern Russia for oil fields and Stalingrad, a major industrial hub
Soviets cut supply lines as winter set in - Hitler refused to back down
**downfall**
Germans lost the battle and the Soviets began to march west towards Germany
Battle of Stalingrad
171
Mussolini
Italy invades Ethiopia (1935)
Italy aids the fascist forces in Spanish Civil War
Italian dictatorships & Aggression
172
Germany rearms itself (violation of Treaty of Versailles)
Germany sends troops into Rhineland (violation of Treaty of Versailles) Germany takes Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia
Germany invades Poland (Sept 1939) causing Britain/France to declare war Germany invades Soviet Union (June 1941)
German dictatorships & aggression
173
Emperor Hirohito/ General Tojo,
Japan invades Manchuria (part of China) in 1931
Japan signs alliance treaty with Germany/Italy
US cuts off shipments of scrap metals to Japan leading too.....
Japanese dictatorships & aggression
174
Also known as the "Final Solution"
Nazi process of eliminating the Jews from the population
Began with a process of separation into walled/fenced in ghettos Eventually, death camps were created to kill and cremate
Zyclon B -gas; Auschwitz & Buchenwald(camps)
Holocaust
175
1944 Supreme Court case
Ruled that the US govt internment of Japanese is justified during wartime
Executive Order 9066
176
Island Hopping" strategy of skipping over some islands and conquering others
Advancement starts in the area of Indonesia and works its way up to the Philippines and to southern Japan (Okinawa)
US military advancement through the Pacific Islands
177
1942 The Philippines
After US forces surrender to Japanese, US/Filipino POWs are marched to prison camps. Large numbers of prisoners die are on the way due to lack of water and food. Survivors recount instances of abuse and murder by Japanese guards.
Bataan Death March
178
JUNE 6, 1944 aka "D-Day"
Am, Br and Canadian troops invade France (at Normandy) to open up a western front against the Germans (other front was in east against Soviet Union)
Largest amphibious invasion in world history
US Beach code names: Omaha and Utah
Invasion of Normandy
179
Commanded all US forces invading Germany from Normandy to end of war
Last 5 star general in American History.
European Theatre
Omar Bradley
180
Supreme Allied Commander in Europe Developed and ordered the Invasion of Normandy (D-Day)
European Theatre
Dwight Eisenhower
181
Commander of all US land forces in Pacific Retook the Philippines from Japanese (1944) Accepted the official Japanese surrender in Sept 1945
Pacific Theatre
Douglas MacArthur
182
Commander of all US Naval forces in the Pacific Developed the "island hopping" strategy
Born and raised in Frederickburg, TX
Battle of Midway
Pacific Theatre
Chester A. Nimitz
183
US Army Chief of Staff
Worked in Washington with FDR to oversee both the Pacific and European Theaters and the training of US forces
Neither
George Marshall
184
Leading US general in terms of the battlefield Used tanks so efficiently that the US battle tank was named after him (the Patton tank) Considered by Germans to be the US most effective commander (he scared them)
European Theater
George Patton
185
Received Congressional Medal of Honor Given by Pres. Clinton in 1997
Baker was African-American and racism of the day kept him from being honored during WWII
European Theatre(Italy)
Vernon J. Baker
186
Splitting forces/not being able to concentrate all of your power/resources against only one enemy
What challenges did fighting a war on multiple fronts pose?
187
The "Greatest Generation" gave of their time and money to support the war Examples: USO - volunteers entertained troops at home and abroad
Civil Air Patrol - volunteers worked to keep communities safe by running air raid drills
Volunteerism
188
Population of US 140 million
85 Million people (60%) bought war bonds (2.9% interest rate)
Total sales: $185.7 BILLION ($2.3 Trillion today)
"Any Bonds Today?" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpCmyPdXGMw Bond rallies all over the country. Hollywood stars often participated to get more people to come out.
Purchase of war bonds
189
Just like WWI
Attempt to provide more supplies to troops
Victory gardens
190
African American pilots
Trained at Tuskegee Institute (AL)
Faced many obstacles (mostly racism)
Highly decorated unit; fought in Europe; bomber escort - never lost a plane
Tuskegee Airmen
191
Prior to US entry into war, American pilots formed a volunteer fighter unit for the Chinese.
Developed fighter techniques against Japanese that US military will later use.
Flying Tigers
192
Volunteers
Joined the Marine Corps
Developed a code based upon Navajo language Never broken by the Japanese
Navajo Code Talkers
193
Kept up civilian morale at home
Used radio addresses (fireside chats) to continue to assure the homefront that we could and would win the war
The Big Three - leaders of the 3 major allied powers (USSR, Gr Brit & US)
FDR becomes an equal player with Stalin (USSR) and Churchill (Brit) in making decision concerning the war effort and what post war Europe would look like
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
194
Tried to fill the shows of FDR but was not nearly as successful
His stance on race (especially after the war) caused many issues with the American people
Repubs will take over Congress in 1946 in a form of backlash agains Truman and the Dems
Tried to fill the shows of FDR but was not nearly as successful
His greatest achievement was use of atomic bomb in the context that it caused the Soviet Union to back off on plans to overrun the whole of Europe and make it communist
Harry S. Truman
195
Series of laws passed by Congress in the 1930s
* Each act designed to limit the ability of US to be drawn into another European War
Neutrality Acts
196
Replaces portion of Neutrality Act
* Allows US to "lease" WWI surplus ships/supplies to Britain and Soviet Union
Lend-lease Act
197
Rationing, Victory Gardens, & buying war bonds
How did Americans have to adapt to help the war effort?
198
This is the movement characterized by fear of communism in the United States. It first happened in the 1920s after the Russian Revolution and then again in the 1960s after McCarthyism emerged.
Red Scare
199
This organization formed after WWII to avoid future war. It replaced the League of Nations and was formed, with the United States as a participant, after WWII
United Nations
200
This program gave ECONOMIC AID to Western European nations vulnerable to the spread of Communism as part of the policy called "CONTAINMENT"
Marshall Plan
201
This time period was characterized with rising tensions between the capitalist United States and the communist Soviet Union (USSR), specifically with the Arms Race and the Space Race.
Cold War Era
202
A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
Domino Theory
203
After WWII, USA and USSR emerged as 2 huge powerful countries
post-WWII superpowers
204
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries. A response to the threat of Soviet expansion. First US alliance signed by Truman. (blue sections on this map)
NATO
205
in 1948, the US supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Russian controlled Berlin (Berlin is capital of Germany)
Berlin Airlift
206
A weaker nation that is looked after another powerful nation.
"satellite" nation
207
33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war
Harry Truman
208
(1945-1991) The period after the WWII marked by rivalry and tension between the two nuclear superpowers, the United States and the communist government of the Soviet Union. The Cold War ended when the Soviet government collapsed in 1991
Cold War
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A long term competition between two or more groups. (During the Cold War the U.S. and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R) were rivals and competed for world power).
rivalry
210
A long term competition between two or more groups. (During the Cold War the U.S. and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R) were rivals and competed for world power).
rivalry
211
A political system characterized by a centrally planned economy with all economic and political power resting in the hands of the central government. A form of socialism that abolishes private ownership
communism
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A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to STOP SPREAD OF COMMUNISM by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances
containment policy
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1947, President's policy of providing ECONOMIC & MILITARY AID to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey
Truman Doctrine
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A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.
Iron Curtain
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An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO
Warsaw Pact
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How Britain, France, US, and Russia decided to divide up Germany after V-E Day (End of WWII)
4 zones of occupation
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the large increase in the birth rate that occurred after WWII
baby boom
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wealth experienced by many after WWII
affluence
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extension of New Deal policies to prevent another post-war depression
Fair Deal
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became president in the 1950s
Dwight D Eisenhower
221
communities outside of the city; Levittown was built after WWII
suburbs
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communities outside of the city; Levittown was built after WWII
suburbs
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called for the building of a system of roads linking the nation
Interstate Highway Act
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became popular in the fifties with shows such as "I Love Lucy
television
225
became a popular music genre in the fifties with the introduction of Elvis Presley
rock n roll
226
criticized America for its focus on materialism and lack of individuality; Jack Kerouac was an example
beatniks
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Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 gave money to veterans to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business
GI Bill of Rights
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the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker's time
Productivity
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A New York town of mass-produced homes, which became a symbol for many similar suburban towns built during the post- World War II years.
Levittown
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became more available to people after WWII and allowed people to move to suburbs
Automobiles
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Wisconsin senator who made headlines for accusing many governmental leaders of being Communists.
Joseph McCarthy
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popular TV show of the '50s
I Love Lucy
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Name given to type of job that involved mostly desk work.
white collar
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Term used to describe a job in which you worked mainly with your hands.
blue collar
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Doctor developed a vaccine for polio in 1952.
Jonas Salk
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Created by rock 'n' roll this term was used to describe the differences between teens and their parents.
generation gap
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popular recording artist in the 1950s
Elvis Presley
238
Civil Rights Leader. His philosophy was non-violent passive resistance. Helped lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Assassinated.
Martin Luther King Jr.
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Civil Rights Leader. His philosophy was self-defense. If you hit me, I'll hit you back. Assassinated.
Malcolm X
240
Founder of SNCC. Civil Rights Leader who started off advocating non-violence, and became impatient with the speed in which change was occurring. Started the Black Power movement. His philosophy was take back our rights. If it means fighting, we will fight for our right.
Stokely Carmichael
241
Co-founder of the Black Panther Party in California. Lawyer.
Huey Newton
242
Co-founder of the Black Panther Party in California.
Bobby Seale
243
President of the US in the 1960s. Youngest elected president and first Catholic president. Led renewed drive for public service. Provided federal support for the growing Civil Rights Movement
Assassinated.
John F. Kennedy
244
African American woman who refused to giver her seat on a public bus to a white passenger
Rosa Parks
245
American civil rights lawyer, first black justice. on the Supreme Court of the US. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Argued the case of Brown v. Board of Education
Thurgood Marshall
246
Alabama governor who supported segregation. Famously attempted to physically block the integration of the University of Alabama. Ran for president in 1968 as part of a third party that supported segregation (Dixiecrat).
George Wallace
247
Arkansas governor who ordered the National Guard to block the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock in 1957. President Eisenhower stepped in and took control of the National Guard in order to force integration.
Orval Faubus
248
Georgia restaurant owner who sold his business when ordered by the courts to serve all customers, including African Americans. Later became Governor of Georgia
Lester Maddox
249
Politicians in Congress who fought to keep segregation legal.
Congressional Block of Southern Democrats
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Organization founded in 1966. Original purpose was to patrol and defend African American neighborhoods against police brutality. Used violence when necessary to demand equal rights. Later became a political and social activist organization
Black Panthers
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Helped form the United Farm Workers movement to gain equal rights for migrant farm workers, most of whom were of Hispanic heritage.
Cesar Chavez
252
Part of the Chicano Rights Movement. Helped form the United Farm Workers. Later became active in the Women's Rights and Environmental Movements
Delores Huerta
253
World War II veteran who founded the American G.I. Forum, a group advocated for equal rights for people of Hispanic heritage, especially veterans.
Hector P. Garcia
254
Author of "The Feminine Mystique". Argued that not all housewives were happy and satisfied with their role in life and that women should be allowed to choose whether to be homemakers or career women (or both). Helped Found the National Organization for Women.
Betty Friedan
255
1954 Supreme Court case that ruled that separate was inherently unequal when applied to public schools. Stated that schools must desegregate "with all deliberate speed".
Brown v. Board of Education
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1896 Supreme Court Case that ruled that public facilities could be separated based on race as long as they were equal in quality. Upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws.
Plessy v. Ferguson
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Court case that ruled that, though not a race separate from whites, people of Hispanic heritage were a separate class that had protections under the 14th Amendment. Dealt with the ethnic makeup of juries when dealing with minority defendants.
Hernandez v. Texas
258
Court case that stated that children of Hispanic heritage could not be segregated in public schools.
Delgado v. Bastrop
259
Court case that ruled the the University of Texas could not create a separate law school for African American students.
Sweatt v. Painter
260
Makes segregation illegal in the United States. Also makes discrimination in the workplace based on race illegal.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Eliminated restriction on African American voting rights, such as literacy tests.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
262
Eliminated the poll tax
24th Amendment
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Ended slavery in the United States. Ratified in the Reconstruction Era.
13th Amendment
264
Defined citizenship rights and stated that all citizens were guaranteed equal rights and protections under the law
14th Amendment
265
Gave African American men voting rights.
15th Amendment
266
Defined citizenship rights and stated that all citizens were guaranteed equal rights and protections under the law
14th Amendment
267
An art movement in the American Southwest that focused on illustrating and celebrating Mexican-American history, culture, and the Mexican-American experience.
Chicano Mural Movement
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Founded by Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem. Organization that worked to ban discrimination against women in the workplace.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
269
A section of the 1972 Education Amendments that stated that schools and universities could not discriminate based on gender in regards to access to and funding of educational and extracurricular activities (ie. sports)
Title IX
270
Passed in 1924. Made all Native Americans citizens and guaranteed them equal rights and protections under the law. Did not apply to voting rights in all states until 1957.
American Indian Citizenship Act
271
Organization that worked for equal rights for Native Americans and for respect for and preservation of Native American culture.
American Indian Movement (AIM)
272
Supreme Court case that said that Amish children could not be forced to attend high school, since their religious beliefs only supported formal education through the 8th grade.
Wisconsin v. Yoder
273
Court case that deals with ensuring that voting districts are drawn in a way that provides equal representation for minority groups.
White v. Regester
