review

Question 1

Simple squamous epithelia

Answer 1

absorption and reduces friction, lines body cavities such as pericardial

Question 2

Stratified squamous epithelia

Answer 2

protects against mechanical stresses, the surface of the skin

Question 3

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 3

limited protection, secretion, absorption: glands, ducts, parts of kidney tubules, thyroid gland

Question 4

Stratified cuboidal epithelium-

Answer 4

protection, secretion, absorption : lining of some (sweat gland) ducts (rare)

Question 5

Transitional epithelium

Answer 5

permits repeated cycles of stretching without damage: urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters

Question 6

Simple columnar epithelium-

Answer 6

protection, secretion, absorption: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, collecting ducts of kidneys

Question 7

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Answer 7

protection, secretion, move mucus with cillia, lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi

Question 8

Stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 8

protection: small areas of pharynx epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary glands, and urethra

Question 9

Areolar tissue

Answer 9

cushions organs, provides support but permits independent movement: within and deep to the dermis, around joints, blood vessels, and nerves

Question 10

Adipose tissue

Answer 10

provides padding and cushion, insulates (reduces heat), stores energy: deep to the skin, buttocks and breast, padding around eyes and kidneys

Question 11

Reticular tissue

Answer 11

provides supporting framework: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

Question 12

Dense regular connective tissue-

Answer 12

provides firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction between muscles: between skeletal muscles and skeleton

Question 13

Dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 13

provides strength to resist forces from many directions: capsules of visceral organs, dermis

Question 14

Elastic tissue-

Answer 14

stabilizes positions of vertebra and penis: between vertebrae of the spinal column, ligaments supporting penis, in blood vessel walls

Question 15

Red blood cells-

Answer 15

lack a nucleus, transport oxygen and nutrients

Question 16

Platelets

Answer 16

enclosed packets of cytoplasm that function in blood clotting

Question 17

White blood cells

Answer 17

defend the body from infection and disease

Question 18

Hyaline cartilage-

Answer 18

provides stiff but somewhat flexible support, reduces friction between bony surfaces: between tips of ribs and bones of sternum

Question 19

Elastic cartilage

Answer 19

support, tolerates distortion without damage, and returns to original shape: auricle of the external ear, auditory canal

Question 20

Fibrocartilage

Answer 20

resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact: pads within the knee joint

Question 21

Skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 21

moves or stabilizes the position of skeleton: combined w connective and neural tissue in skeletal muscles

Question 22

Cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 22

circulates blood, maintains blood pressure: heart

Question 23

Smooth muscle tissue

Answer 23

moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions: walls of blood vessels, in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs

Question 24

What are the four main tissue categories?

Answer 24

• Epithelial tissue - covers exposed surfaces, forms glands, inside the mouth, skin
  *Connective tissue - holds things together, supports other tissues, transport materials, stores energy (adipose, fat tissue)
  *Muscle tissue - specializes in contraction and movement. Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and muscular walls of hollow organs.
  *Nervous tissue - carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another

Question 25

Know the 3 types of cell junctions

Answer 25

*Gap junctions- allow rapid communication, held by proteins (connexons), allow small molecules and ions to pass, coordinate contractions in heart muscle *Tight junctions- prevent the passage of water and solutes, keeps enzymes acids, and waste in the lumen (opening) of the digestive tract *Desmosomes - tie cells together, allowing bending and twisting

Question 26

How do we classify epithelial tissue?

Answer 26

*Squamous - thin and flat *Cubodial - square shaped *Columnar - tall, slender rectangles

Question 27

What are goblet cells? What do they secrete?

Answer 27

They are unicellular exocrine glands, that secrete mucin which mixes with water to form mucus ( lubricant, keeps things moving)

Question 28

What is the matrix?

Answer 28

It consists of extracellular components of connective tissue, determines specialized function

Question 29

What are the 3 categories of connective tissue? (Think web diagram)

Answer 29

*Connective tissue proper - connect and protect ---Loose connective tissue- more liquidy, fat (adipose tissue), cheeks, skin ---Dense connective tissue- more fibers, tendons, bone * Fluid connective tissues (blood) - transport, *Supporting connective tissues - structural strength, bones

Question 30

What types are cells are found in connective tissue? What is their basic description?

Answer 30

*Fibroblasts - the most abundant cell type, found in all types of connective tissue proper, secrete proteins *Fribrocytes - the second most abundant cell type, maintain connective tissue fibers *Adipocytes - fat cells *Mesenchymal cells- respond to injury or infection, unlimited potential *Melanocytes - produce melanin, color *Macrophages- eat damaged cells, viruses, pathogens *Mast cells- stimulate inflammation after injury or infection, blood thinner *Lymphocytes - migrate through the body, and can develop into plasma cells which produce antibodies *Microphages - phagocytic blood cells, attracted to signals from macrophages and mast cells

Question 31

What are the 3 types of fibers?

Answer 31

*Collagen fibers- resist force in one direction, abundant in tendons and ligaments *Reticular fibers- stroma - go around organs- resist forces in many directions *Elastic fibers - branched and wavy, return to original length after stretching, ex-elastic ligaments of vertebrae

Question 32

What tissue secretes the antiangiogenesis factor? What does it do?

Answer 32

Chondrocytes produce an antiangiogenesis factor that discourages the formation of blood vessels

Question 33

What are the five layers of the epidermis? Know their order and function

Answer 33

*Stratum basale - basement - where cells are dividing, sensory nerve, respond to touch, melanin *Stratum spinosum - stairs - eight to ten layers, contains dendritic cells which are active in immune response *Stratum granulosum- ground- darkest purple color, last living cell layer, produces keratin and then the cell dies *Stratum lucidum- lights- only in thick skin, covers stratum granulosum, adding protection *Stratum corneum - ceiling, exposed surface of skin, water resistant, thickest layer of the epidermis

Question 34

What tissue type has intercalated discs? Why?

Answer 34

Cardio cells, connector, works at the same time, pumping at random times

Question 35

What is the function of the integument system? What are the 2 components of the integument system?

Answer 35

*protection, excretion of salts & water, maintaining normal body temp. , production of melanin, production of keratin, synthesis of vitamin D3, storage of lipids, detection of touch, coordination of immune response *Cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structure (nails, sweat glands, hair)

Question 36

Know the difference between thick and thin skin

Answer 36

*Thin - covers most of the body, has four layers of keratinocytes *Thick - covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, has five layers of keratinocytes

Question 37

What are the accessory structure?

Answer 37

*Hair - covers almost all of the body except palms of hands, sides of fingers, toes, and lips. Its function is to protect and insulate, guard openings from particles and insects, sensory receptors *Nails- protect tips of fingers and toes, made of dead cells packed with keratin *Sebaceous glands - discharge lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles *Sebaceous follicles - discharge sebum directly onto the skin surface *Apocrine sweat glands - found in armpits, around nipples, and in pubic regions, secretes products into hair follicles *Eccrine sweat glands - on palms and soles, covers surface of the skin to reduce temp, excreting water and electrolytes, protection from environmental hazards

Question 38

Where is the subcutaneous layer?

Answer 38

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) - lies deep to the dermis, stabilizes the position of the skin, primarily adipose tissue, large arteries, and veins in superficial area

Question 39

What is cyanosis? Jaundice? What does UV light do to the skin? How?

Answer 39

*Cyanosis (bluish skin) - may be caused by extreme cold, heart failure, severe asthma *Jaundice - skin and whites of eyes may turn yellow, and build-up of bile produced in the liver *Small amounts of UV light is beneficial, the production of vitamin d, - too much can damage DNA and cause cancer

Question 40

What is the function of the Arrector pili muscle?

Answer 40

It is involuntary smooth muscle, contraction causes hairs to stand up, produces “goose bumps”

Question 41

What makes hair oily? (Why do we need dry shampoo?)

Answer 41

Sebaceous glands make oil into hair follicles, to suck up the oils

Question 42

Know the 3 types of burns.

Answer 42

* First-degree burn - affects only the epidermis of the skin, redness, pain, and dry skin *Second-degree burn - affects both the epidermis and the dermis of the skin: redness, pain, swelling, skin often looks wet or moist, blisters may develop, pain can be severe *Third-degree burn - affects down into the hypodermis layer of the skin, skin may appear stiff, waxy white, leathery, or tan, destroys nerves causing numbness

Question 43

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Answer 43

Support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, protection, leverage

Question 44

Know the description of osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast and osteogenic cell

Answer 44

*Osteocytes - maintain bone matrix *Osteoblast - immature, secrete organic components of the matrix *Osteoclasts - dissolve matrix, break down bone *Osteogenic cells- divide and produce osteoblasts

Question 45

Know the six classifications of bone and be able to provide an example

Answer 45

*Sutural bones - stitched, found between the flat bones of the skull *Irregular bones - have complex shapes, vertebrae, bones of the pelvis *Short bones - boxlike, carpal bones (wrists), tarsal bones (ankles) *Flat ones - thin, parallel surfaces, the roof of the skull, sternum, scapulae *Long bones - arm, thigh and leg, palms, fingers *Sesamoid - small round, joints of knees, hands, and feet

Question 46

Know the anatomy of a long bone (epiphyses, diaphysis, metaphysis)

Answer 46

*Epiphyses - wide part of each end, mostly spongy bone *Metaphysis - where diaphysis and epiphysis meet *Diaphysis - shaft, wall of compact bone, central space called the medullary cavity