Review

Question 1

Sagittal Vs frontal Plane

Answer 1

Middle Left to Right
Vs
Middle Front to Back

Question 2

Positive Ions

Answer 2

Cations:

Sodium, potassium, calcium

Question 3

Negative Ions

Answer 3

Anions:

Question 4

Isotonic vs hypertonic vs hypotonic
Solutions

Answer 4

ISO: same osmotic pressure as bodily fluids, retains its normal shape/no net gain/loss of water

Hyper: higher osmotic pressure than bodily fluids, cells lose water & cremate (shrink)

Hypo: lower osmotic pressure than fluids, cell swells quickly (hemolysis)

Question 5

What are lactated ringers considered

Question 6

What is normal saline considered

Question 7

Osmosis

Answer 7

Water molecules diffuse from area of higher water concentration to lower

Question 8

Diffusion

Answer 8

Process by which substances spontaneously move from regions of higher concentrations to lower (influenced by kinetic energy)

Question 9

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 9

Some substances cannot pass through the lipid bi-layer of cell membrane requiring proteins to assist (still higher > lower)

Question 10

3 functions of Golgi Apparatus

Answer 10

1. Modifying & packaging secretions (hormones/enzymes) released via exocytosis
2. Packaging special enzymes inside vesicles for use in cytosol
3. Renewing or modifying cell membrane

Question 11

Antibodies:
What are they and what do they do

Answer 11

Proteins that detect & destroy foreign substances

Question 12

Inflammation:
What is it & what initiates it

Question 13

Merocrine sweat glands

Question 14

Skeletal system function/s

Question 15

Most abundant mineral in body

Question 16

Calcium function & importance

Question 17

Sodium function & importance

Question 18

Potassium function & importance

Question 19

Afferent vs efferent

Question 20

Depolarization vs Repolarization

Question 21

Dermatomes:
What are they & function

Question 22

What type of receptors are in the parasympathetic NS

Question 23

What is adaptation

Question 24

What is equilibrium

Question 25

Hypothalamus: What does it control, What does it do, Where is it located

Question 26

ADH

Question 27

Diabetes Insipidus vs Mellitus

Question 28

Aldosterone: What is it & what does it do

Question 29

Permissive effect

Question 30

Hemophilia & factor 8

Question 31

What conveys electrical impulses from the heart

Question 32

Stroke volume

Answer 32

The volume of blood discharged from the ventricle w/ each contraction. SV= EDV - ESV Difference from End-Diastolic Volume (amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole) & End-Systolic Volume (amount of blood that remains in a ventricle after it has already contracted) Average: EDV= 120mL ESV= 50mL SV= 70mL

Question 33

Cardiac output

Answer 33

The volume discharged from the ventricle per minute HR x SV = CO (Liters per Minute)

Question 34

Atherosclerosis vs Arteriosclerosis

Answer 34

Plaque build up in inner walls Vs Stiffening of arteries

Question 35

What affects Tissue perfusion

Answer 35

Cardiac output Peripheral resistance BP

Question 36

What is shock

Answer 36

Hypoperfusion

Question 37

What is Lymphadenopathy

Answer 37

Chronic or excessive lymph node enlargement

Question 38

B cells

Answer 38

Activated by T cells, they are lymphocytes responsible for humoral immunity, which is a specific mechanism that involves the production of antibodies. Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells which are specialized to secrete antibodies

Question 39

T cells

Answer 39

Lymphocytes that are responsible for cell mediated immunity & activate B cells. They act directly against tumor cells & virus infected cells

Question 40

Interferons

Answer 40

Small proteins that bind to un infected cells and stimulate them to make protective proteins. They are secreted by infected cells & diffuse to nearby cells, stimulating protein synthesis that interferes w/ viral replication. They block viral RNA from synthesizing proteins & also degrade the viral RNA itself

Question 41

Why do autoimmune disorders develop

Question 42

What is Residual Volume

Answer 42

Air remaining in lungs after forced expiration Average: Males= 1,200mL Females= 1,100mL

Question 43

Function of the Duodenum

Answer 43

Serves as a mixing area where absorption begins, it receives chyme from the stomach & digestive secretions from the pancreas & liver

Question 44

What are parietal cells & what do they secrete

Answer 44

Are secretory cells found mostly in the apical region of the stomach glands & are scattered among the Chief cells. They secrete both Hydrochloric acid & the intrinsic factor glycoprotein

Question 45

Types of Hepatitis

Answer 45

A & E= contaminated food/water B= contact w/ blood or bodily fluid of infected person C= blood to blood contact D= contact with infected blood (people w/ hep B)

Question 46

What is ATP & what does it do

Answer 46

Adenosine triphosphate A nucleotide used as the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

Question 47

What lipoprotein removes cholesterol and sends it to the liver

Question 48

Convection vs conduction

Question 49

How does the body respond to the rise in body temperature

Question 50

What do filtration membranes do

Question 51

How does acidosis affect the body

Question 52

What does hypercapnia cause