Review

Question 1

Dr. Brown is interested in researching the role of the nervous system in a person’s experience of sexual jealousy. What type of researcher is Dr. Brown?

Answer 1

Behavioral neuroscientist

Question 2

According to the book levels of analysis refers to

Answer 2

The type of casual process that is referred to in explaining some phenomenon

Question 3

A psychologist attempts to understand the conditions in which people are more likely to go along with a decision of the group even when they know the group is wrong. Understanding the influence that other people have on an individual’s behavior is most consistent with a _____ level of analysis

Answer 3

Social

Question 4

Pat is conducting a laboratory study on obedience. Pat is interested in how the proximity of authority figures contributes to the level of obedience. Pat’s field is most likely _____ psychology

Answer 4

Social

Question 5

Pat is conducting a laboratory study on obedience. Pat is interested in how the proximity of authority figures contributes to the level of obedience. Pat’s field is most likely _____ psychology

Answer 5

Developmental

Question 6

The belief that all behaviors are a result of involuntary reactions to stimuli in our environment is:

Answer 6

Reflexology

Question 7

Nativism is:

Answer 7

the idea that some knowledge is inborn in the mind and does not have to be learned by experience.

Question 8

the idea that some knowledge is inborn in the mind and does not have to be learned by experience.

Answer 8

Behavior can be observed but the mind cannot

Question 9

Which type of psychologist would be interested in the number of teenagers who started smoking cigarettes due to their group of friends who are also smokers?

Answer 9

Social

Question 10

After watching his infant son consistently reach for the largest of the three piles of marbles, Tyler begins to think that babies may possess an inborn quantitative understanding. His belief is most consistent with the philosophical view known as:

Answer 10

Nativism

Question 11

Social psychology is the study of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of

Answer 11

Individuals are influenced by others

Question 12

Colin argues with a colleague that one part of the brain controls anxious thoughts while another part controls the way they talk. What notion proposed in the nineteenth-century supports Colin’s argument?

Answer 12

Localization of function

Question 13

The MOST direct way to test a hypothesis about a cause-effect relationship is through a(n):

Answer 13

Experiment

Question 14

If the people receiving a particular experimental treatment alter their expectations because of their own beliefs about that treatment, one could conclude that:

Answer 14

there is subject-expectancy effect

Question 15

Observer-expectancy effects can influence the

Answer 15

observer’s perceptions of the participant’s behavior

Question 16

Alumni of university are sent a survey asking about their college experience and how their education prepared them for their career, and life in general. The university is using _____ as their method of data collection.

Answer 16

Self report

Question 17

The standard deviation is a measure of:

Answer 17

Variability

Question 18

Which statement is FALSE about correlational studies

Answer 18

Cause and effect are determined

Question 19

Which example is a demonstration of naturalistic observation?

Answer 19

watching workers on an assembly line in a factory to see how they adjust to stressful situations

Question 20

On several rainy days, Andrea distributes a questionnaire about mood to participants, but does not tell them about her research interest because she fears that calling attention to the rain will bias participants’ opinions about their mood. Keeping participants uninformed about the hypothesis of the study is also known as keeping them:

Answer 20

Blind

Question 21

A researcher could be MOST confident that the research hypothesis was correct if there were _____ than a _____ percent chance that the data were due to chance and the research hypothesis was wrong

Answer 21

Less; 5

Question 22

The mean and the median are both:

Answer 22

measures of the central tendency of a set of numbers.

Question 23

Which concept is explicitly designed to help a researcher decide how much confidence to place in a specific, data-based conclusion

Answer 23

inferential statistics

Question 24

A questionnaire used to measure childhood aggression asks the question “Does your child push others?” This is an example of

Answer 24

an operational definition

Question 25

Long-term memory has a _____ capacity and a _____ duration.

Answer 25

High; long

Question 26

Zion is trying to remember the name of his first-grade teacher. The transfer of information from Zion's long-term memory to his working memory is called:

Answer 26

retrieval.

Question 27

Judy is so focused on watching basketball players in white shirts pass the ball to one another that she does not see a gorilla in the room. This is an example of:

Answer 27

selective viewing.

Question 28

What do elaboration, organization, and visualization all have in common?

Answer 28

They are all encoding strategies

Question 29

In order to recite a poem Molly learned in grade school, she must retrieve it from her _____ memory and put it to use in her _____ memory

Answer 29

long-term; working

Question 30

The strategy known as chunking increases memory efficiency by:

Answer 30

decreasing the number of items that must be remembered by increasing the amount of information in each item

Question 31

In selective listening studies, most participants were able to identify the _____ of the message they were NOT attending to.

Answer 31

gender of the speaker.

Question 32

Which area of the brain is MOST involved in the control of attention?

Answer 32

Frontal lobe

Question 33

Which type of memory is NOT associated with a particular past experience?

Answer 33

Semantic

Question 34

Two groups of participants briefly saw the silhouette of a tree. The silhouette shown to group A contained the outline of a duck, and the one shown to group B did not. All participants were then asked to draw a nature scene. The results indicated that participants who:

Answer 34

were shown the tree with the “hidden” duck did not consciously notice the duck but were more likely than the others to draw ducks or duck-related objects.

Question 35

Researchers showed participants a video of three black-shirted players tossing a basketball among themselves and three white-shirted players tossing a basketball among themselves in the same play area. Participants were told to count the number of passes made by the players in the white shirts. When questioned immediately after the video, 50 percent of the participants claimed they:

Answer 35

did not see the gorilla walk into the center of the players, face the camera, and hit its chest

Question 36

All the information picked up by the senses enters briefly into sensory memory and is analyzed at an unconscious level to determine its relevance to the ongoing task and its potential significance for the person's survival or well-being. This unconscious analysis is referred to as _____ processing

Answer 36

Preattentive

Question 37

According to the text, what may help to explain the universal human drives for art, literature, and music?

Answer 37

These are extensions of play and exploration as well as a means of satisfying other drives like sex, achievement, and aggression

Question 38

Peripheral changes are ones that:

Answer 38

happen within one's body but outside the central nervous system

Question 39

Walter Cannon proposed that individuals can understand drives in terms of the body's need to keep internal conditions (for example, oxygen levels) within restricted ranges. He called this process

Answer 39

Homeostasis

Question 40

Which of these theories help explain why small mammals sleep longer than larger one?

Answer 40

The body restoration theory

Question 41

What is the difference between affect and mood?

Answer 41

affect is a short-term emotion independent of an object, while mood is long term, free-floating emotion

Question 42

Jackie believes that horses sleep at night because they don't have very good eyesight, would have a hard time finding food, and would be vulnerable to predators. Jackie's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ theory of sleep

Answer 42

preservation and protection

Question 43

An increase in what, illustrates the relationship between regulatory drives and the maintenance of homeostasis?

Answer 43

water intake after vigorous exercise

Question 44

The _____ has connections to large areas of the limbic system and cerebral cortex, and is a crucial center for the behavioral effects of rewards in humans and other mammals.

Answer 44

nucleus accumbens

Question 45

Which of these is NOT a name for the external stimulus toward which motivated behavior is directed?

Answer 45

A motivator

Question 46

Ben believes that his body wears out during the day and that sleep is necessary to put it back in shape. Ben's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ of sleep.

Answer 46

body-restoration theory

Question 47

These are all examples of mammalian drives EXCEPT _____ drive.

Answer 47

Critical

Question 48

Benny has suffered a brain injury and his suprachiasmatic nucleus was damaged. How will this injury affect him?

Answer 48

His circadian rhythm will be disrupted

Question 49

C fibers are believed to be responsive to _____ and to mediate _____ pain

Answer 49

all types of pain stimuli; second

Question 50

Malcolm is attending a laser-light show at a local planetarium. The show begins with a display of very faint red lights. The weakest intensity of red light that Malcolm is able to see is his _____ for that light

Answer 50

absolute threshold

Question 51

Consistent with the gate-control theory of pain, activation of neurons in the PAG of the midbrain inhibits pain by way of axons that run

Answer 51

down to the lower brainstem and spinal cord, where pain sensory neurons enter

Question 52

Experiments have shown that people's ability to identify foods by flavor

Answer 52

declines when both nostrils are shut

Question 53

Yu is studying the sense of smell and the olfactory area. What part of the brain should Yu be focusing on?

Answer 53

Temporal lobe

Question 54

Research findings concerning the physiology of smell indicate that most of the output from the glomeruli goes to:

Answer 54

the limbic system and hypothalamus, areas involved in basic drives and emotions

Question 55

_____ are myelinated, fast-conducting fibers that signal the first wave of pain upon injury

Answer 55

A-delta fibers

Question 56

Which CANNOT reduce pain?

Answer 56

increased activity in C fibers

Question 57

Corey goes to the doctor because his right ear hurts. After an exam, the doctor tells Corey that his eardrum is ruptured. What part of Corey's ear ruptured?

Answer 57

tympanic membrane

Question 58

All statements concerning the senses are true EXCEPT:

Answer 58

each sense is capable of producing conscious sensory experiences without the involvement of the cortex

Question 59

Andrea is studying psychophysics. She has a participant hold 30 marbles in one hand. What psychological law should Andrea use in order to find out how many marbles she needs to add for the participant to feel the difference?

Answer 59

Weber's law

Question 60

The gate-control theory of pain and pain inhibition proposes that

Answer 60

the experience of pain depends on the extent to which neural pain signals can reach higher pain centers in the brain.

Question 61

A debate in which a large number of individuals argue for one side and subsequently push the majority to a more extreme view demonstrates the phenomenon of

Answer 61

Group polarization

Question 62

After hearing a two-hour long debate on TV, Sally now has a more extreme political view. This is a case of:

Answer 62

Group polarization

Question 63

What goal refers to the solution of Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment, which deals with one group cooperating with other groups?

Answer 63

superordinate goal

Question 64

Cialdini and his colleagues investigated the effects of implicit norms on people's behavior by creating different signs aimed at decreasing the pilfering of petrified wood from Petrified Forest National Park. The sign that was effective in decreasing the amount of stealing to well below the base-line rate implied that:

Answer 64

stealing wood is rare and it is not okay to steal rare objects.

Question 65

In his experiments with groups of boys at a camp, Sherif found that intergroup hostility could be reduced through:

Answer 65

creating a problem that affected all equally and required cooperation between groups to solve.

Question 66

The president's advisers are to help in reaching a decision. The president's own views are withheld, and outsiders are invited to present their views. All arguments are to be challenged. The president is trying to:

Answer 66

discourage groupthink

Question 67

I thought that because I wore glasses there was something wrong with my vision” is an example of conformity due to:

Answer 67

informational influence

Question 68

Jimmy, a professional basketball player, usually plays in small, empty stadiums. However, Jimmy played better at his last game that was held in a larger, crowded stadium. This would be referred to as:

Answer 68

social facilitation

Question 69

The term _____ refers to instances of compliance when the person making the request is perceived as an authority figure or leader and the request is perceived as an order or command

Answer 69

Obedience

Question 70

The president of a campus club holds a meeting to decide what they are going to do for the annual fundraiser. He will best guard against groupthink if he:

Answer 70

does not give his own opinion first

Question 71

A juror named Marrakesh does not believe that the defendant on trial has been shown to be “guilty beyond a reasonable doubt” although most of Marrakesh's fellow jurors are firmly convinced of the man's guilt. The foreperson is now orally polling the jury for the first time and Marrakesh happens to be going last. Asch's studies on conformity suggest that Marrakesh is more likely to resist the majority view if:

Answer 71

at least one other juror disagrees with the majority view.

Question 72

Which is NOT a factor that allows for groupthink to occur?

Answer 72

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 73

What is altruistic punishment?

Answer 73

punishing one person in order to benefit the group as a whole

Question 74

In one of Asch's conformity experiments, participants arrived “late” and were asked to write their answers down privately after hearing the groups' answers. The participants in this experiment were found to conform less than those who announced their answers publicly. This reduction in conformity demonstrates that conformity in the basic version of the study was at least partly due to:

Answer 74

Normative influences

Question 75

According to Robert Cialdini, the foot-in-the-door solicitation technique may work because people who grant a small, initial request typically feel.

Answer 75

self-contradictory if they deny the larger request.

Question 76

According to the informational influence explanation of group polarization, each person:

Answer 76

hears a disproportionate number of arguments that support his or her initial position and so it becomes more extreme.

Question 77

A social dilemma can be defined as an action that _____ the person who takes it, _____ others in the group, and would _____ everyone if everyone took the action.

Answer 77

benefits; harms; cause more harm than benefit to

Question 78

Jimmy, a professional basketball player, usually plays in small, empty stadiums. However, Jimmy played better at his last game that was held in a larger, crowded stadium. This would be referred to as:

Answer 78

social facilitation

Question 79

A college is considering whether to put the English or the math department in a posh new building. A group of English professors joke about the math faculty, saying that they are all alike—unsociable, unable to participate in a discussion of the arts, and boring. The English professors see themselves as friendly, literate, and witty. Their tendency to see members of the math department as different from themselves and very similar to one another in having such undesirable traits is an illustration of:

Answer 79

negative stereotyping of the other group

Question 80

Group polarization is LEAST likely to occur when group members:

Answer 80

have to work together to solve a problem that affects all members.

Question 81

In Stanley Milgram's famous study of obedience, most participants:

Answer 81

administered progressively more severe shocks as ordered but seemed deeply upset about doing so.

Question 82

Research has shown that groups produce effective solutions to problems when:

Answer 82

members focus clearly on the problem to be solved.

Question 83

Which public service announcement would be the MOST effective, according to Robert Cialdini?

Answer 83

“Don't binge drink. Only 10% of all college students have more than two drinks at a party.”

Question 84

Research on conformity suggests that the major contributing influence is:

Answer 84

normative when the task is easy and informational when the task is difficult or ambiguous.

Question 85

A particular course of action or inaction may lead to rewards for the individual who takes it but at the expense of others and will cause more harm than good to all if everyone in the group takes it. This situation is known as:

Answer 85

a social dilemma

Question 86

In a laboratory situation, how people can punish cheaters for not cooperating?

Answer 86

they will spend some of their own resources