Review

Question 1

What is cognitive psychology?

Answer 1

The scientific study of how the mind encodes, stores, and uses information

Question 2

What are the main areas studied in cognition?

Answer 2

Perception, Attention, Memory, Reasoning, Decision-making

Question 3

What are mental representations?

Answer 3

Encoded and stored information about the environment

Question 4

What are Marr’s 3 levels of analysis?

Answer 4

Computational, Algorithmic, & Implementational

Question 5

What is functional specialization in the brain?

Answer 5

Different parts of the brain serve different purposes

Question 6

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

Answer 6

Occipital, Temporal, Frontal, & Parietal

Question 7

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 7

The outer layer of hemispheres, a folded layer of neurons

Question 8

What is bottom-up processing?

Answer 8

Perception starting with raw sensory input

Question 9

What is top-down processing?

Answer 9

Perception influenced by knowledge and expectations

Question 10

What is the inverse projection program?

Answer 10

Inferring 3D structure from 2D retinal images

Question 11

What is attention?

Answer 11

The ability to select and focus on relevant information

Question 12

Difference between overt and covert attention?

Answer 12

Overt involves eye movement; covert does not

Question 13

What is feature-based attention?

Answer 13

Focusing on specific features like color and shape

Question 14

What is object-based attention?

Answer 14

Focusing on entire objects, not just spatial locations

Question 15

What are the types of memory?

Answer 15

Short-term memory (STM) and Long-term memory (LTM)

Question 16

What is elaborative encoding?

Answer 16

Linking new info in knowledge already in LTM

Question 17

What is the spacing effect?

Answer 17

Better memory from spaced study than cramming

Question 18

What are episodic and semantic memory?

Answer 18

Episodic is personal events; semantic is factual knowledge

Question 19

What is the mental lexicon?

Answer 19

The brain’s library of known words

Question 20

What is syntax?

Answer 20

Rules about how to structure sentences

Question 21

What is productivity in language?

Answer 21

Ability to create and understand new sentences

Question 22

What are System 1 and System 2 thinking?

Answer 22

System 1 is fast and intuitive; System 2 is slow and analytical

Question 23

What is the availability heuristic?

Answer 23

Estimating likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind

Question 24

What is loss aversion?

Answer 24

Losses feel worse than equivalent gains

Question 25

What is deductive reasoning?

Answer 25

Deriving specific conclusions from general rules

Question 26

What is inductive reasoning?

Answer 26

Inferring general rules from specific examples

Question 27

What is analogical reasoning?

Answer 27

Solving new problems by applying knowledge from similar problems

Question 28

What is the prototype theory of categorization?

Answer 28

Using an average or ideal member of a category

Question 29

What is the typicallity effect?

Answer 29

Some category members are more representative than others

Question 30

What is fluid vs crystalized intelligence?

Answer 30

Fluid: problem-solving; Crystalized: factual

Question 31

What is theory of mind?

Answer 31

The ability to infer what others think and feel

Question 32

What is object permanence?

Answer 32

Understanding that objects exists even when not seen

Question 33

What brain regions are involved in social cognition?

Answer 33

Medial prefrontal cortex, superior temportal sulcus, temporoparietal junction

Question 34

What is the computatinal level of analysis?

Answer 34

It explains what the mind is trying to compute and why

Question 35

What is the algotithmic level of analysis?

Answer 35

It explains how the mind performs computations - what rules and representations it uses

Question 36

What is the implementational level of analysis?

Answer 36

It explains how cognition is physically realized in the brain