Review

Question 1

What are the 2 types of research?

Answer 1

• basic/fundamental

- applied

Question 2

Describe basic research

Answer 2

This type of research is motivated by a desire to expand knowledge and involves the acquisition of knowledge for knowledge sake

Question 3

Describe applied research

Answer 3

This type of research is directed towards functional applications and testing

Question 4

How basic and applied research compliment each other?

Answer 4

Basic research answers the initial question of how things work. This knowledge is then applied to make improvements on existing products, technologies and processes.

Question 5

Define blind study

Answer 5

A test or experiment in which information about the test that might lead to bias in the results is concealed from the tester, the subject, or both until after the test.

Question 6

When does a blind study become double blind?

Answer 6

When both the tester and subject are unaware of specific information that may lead to biases

Question 7

Define control group

Answer 7

The group that receives either no treatment or the “standard treatment”

Question 8

Define experimental group

Answer 8

The group of subjects who are exposed to the variable during a study

Question 9

What is a pilot study?

Answer 9

a small scale preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate feasibility, time, cost, and adverse events in an attempt to improve upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale research project

Question 10

Define validity

Answer 10

The ability of a measure to capture what is intended to capture

Question 11

What are the 4 forms of measurement validity?

Answer 11

• face validity
• content validity
• construct validity
• criterion validity

Question 12

Describe face validity

Answer 12

A simple form of validity in which researchers determine if the test seems to measure what is intended to measure.
Essentially, researchers are simply taking the validity of the test at face value by looking at whether a test appears to measure the target variable.

Question 13

How is content validity determined?

Answer 13

Based on whether or not all of the relevant facets of the variable being measured in represented.

Question 14

What is construct validity?

Answer 14

the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring

Question 15

How is criterion validity determined?

Answer 15

Based on the degree to which it’s scores are related to sources from a reference standard

Question 16

What are the 2 methods for evaluating criterion validity?

Answer 16

• Concurrent

- Predictive

Question 17

What is concurrent validity?

Answer 17

A measure of how well a particular test correlates with a previously validated measure

Question 18

What is predictive

Answer 18

The extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure

Question 19

Comparing the test with an established measure is known as _____ validity; testing it over a period of time is known as ______ validity.

Answer 19

concurrent

predictive

Question 20

What is internal validity?

Answer 20

the degree to which the relationship between two independent and dependent variables is free from the effects of extraneous factors

Question 21

What does internal validity refer to?

Answer 21

the machines, subjects, etc. that are used and under your control

Question 22

What does external validity refer to?

Answer 22

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized or extended to others outside the experimental situation

Question 23

Define sensitivity

Answer 23

the fraction of those with the disease that are correctly identified as positive by the test

Question 24

Define specificity

Answer 24

the fraction of those without the disease that are correctly identified as negative by the test

Question 25

_____ ______ are the people who have the disease and whose test came up positive

Answer 25

True positives

Question 26

_____ ______ are the people who do not have the disease and whose test came up negative

Answer 26

True negatives

Question 27

_____ ______ are the people who have the disease but their test came up negative

Answer 27

False negatives

Question 28

_____ ______ are the people who do not have the disease but their test came up positive

Answer 28

False positive

Question 29

A _____-referenced test judges an individual’s performance off of the group’s performance

Answer 29

norm

Question 30

A _____-referenced test judges an individual’s performance based off of an absolute standard

Answer 30

criterion

Question 31

The independent variable is labeled as what?

Answer 31

x

Question 32

The dependent variable is labeled as what?

Answer 32

y

Question 33

What are the 4 levels of measurement from most to least specific?

Answer 33

- ratio - interval - ordinal - nominal

Question 34

Describe the ratio scale

Answer 34

This scale classifies things in rank order with a known equal distance between categories and a known empirical zero point

Question 35

What are a few examples of ratio data?

Answer 35

- height - weight - circumference - blood pressure

Question 36

Describe the interval scale

Answer 36

This scale classifies things in rank order with a known equal distance between categories but lacks a known empirical zero point

Question 37

What are a couple examples of interval data?

Answer 37

- temperature | - calendar year

Question 38

Describe the ordinal scale

Answer 38

This scale classifies objects things in rank order but lacks the mathematical properties of a known equal distance between categories

Question 39

What are a few examples of ordinal data?

Answer 39

- weight-bearing status - level of assistance needed - MMT grades - patient satisfaction

Question 40

Describe the nominal scale

Answer 40

This scale classifies objects things but lack rank order and a known equal distance between categories

Question 41

What are a few examples of nominal data?

Answer 41

- Gender - Race/Ethnicity - Religious affiliation

Question 42

Describe the Likert scale

Answer 42

It is a psychometric scale commonly involved in research that employs questionnaires. - agree, somewhat agree, disagree, etc.

Question 43

What are 3 measures of central tendency?

Answer 43

- mean - median - mode

Question 44

What is the best measure of central tendency?

Answer 44

the mean because it is more precise

Question 45

Which measure of central tendency is preferred if the data is severely skewed?

Answer 45

the median

Question 46

What are 3 measures of dispersion?

Answer 46

- range - variance - standard deviation

Question 47

What can be defined as the variability of a score within a distribution?

Answer 47

variance

Question 48

How is standard deviation calculated?

Answer 48

By taking the square root of the variance

Question 49

What does the area under the curve equal?

Answer 49

1.0

Question 50

What percentage of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean?

Answer 50

68%

Question 51

What percentage of scores fall within two standard deviations of the mean?

Answer 51

96%

Question 52

What percentage of scores fall within three standard deviations of the mean?

Answer 52

99.7%

Question 53

What is the research hypothesis?

Answer 53

The initial research question developed in the intro

Question 54

What does the null hypothesis state?

Answer 54

There is no difference between populations

Question 55

When are the null and alternate hypotheses developed?

Answer 55

in the methods section

Question 56

When does a type I error occur?

Answer 56

when you reject a null hypothesis that is true

Question 57

Therefore, a type I error is aka what?

Answer 57

a false positive

Question 58

What Greek letter represents a type I error?

Answer 58

alpha

Question 59

When does a type II error occur?

Answer 59

when you accept a null hypothesis that is false

Question 60

Therefore, a type II error is aka what?

Answer 60

A False Negative

Question 61

What Greek letter represents a type II error?

Answer 61

beta

Question 62

What are correlation coefficients used to do?

Answer 62

quantitatively describe the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

Question 63

Given y = a + bx What does y equal? What does a equal? What does b equal? What does x equal?

Answer 63

y is the dependent variable a is the constant (y-intercept) b is the slope x is the independent variable

Question 64

What does r² represent?

Answer 64

The coefficient of determination

Question 65

What is the coefficient of determination?

Answer 65

the amount of variance that can be accounted for by the value of another variable

Question 66

What does R represent?

Answer 66

The Multiple Correlation Coefficient

Question 67

What is a Multiple Correlation Coefficient?

Answer 67

a measure of the strength of the association between the independent variables and the one dependent variable

Question 68

What is regression analysis?

Answer 68

a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables

Question 69

What is a likelihood ratio?

Answer 69

the likelihood that a given test result would be expected in a patient with the target disorder compared to the likelihood that that same result would be expected in a patient without the target disorder

Question 70

In regards to research designs, what does A represent?

Answer 70

the baseline data

Question 71

In regards to research designs, what does B represent?

Answer 71

the treatment data

Question 72

When is an A-B-A design used?

Answer 72

to examine before, during and after a treatment

Question 73

When is an A-B-A-B design used?

Answer 73

When there is an improvement (decrease in pain, increase in ROM, etc.) following the A-B-A design

Question 74

When is an A-B-C design used?

Answer 74

When there are 2 experimental treatment groups

Question 75

What are 2 approaches to subject selection?

Answer 75

- probabilistic sampling | - non-probabilistic sampling

Question 76

What does probabilistic sampling refer to?

Answer 76

the method for randomly selecting subjects for participation in a study

Question 77

What are 4 types of probabilistic samplings?

Answer 77

1) Simple Random Sampling 2) Systematic Sampling 3) Stratified Sampling 4) Cluster Sampling

Question 78

Describe a simple random sample

Answer 78

A completely random form of sampling in that every object has the same probability of being chosen

Question 79

Describe a systematic sampling techniques

Answer 79

A type of sampling technique in which subjects are chosen at a specified interval (evens, odds, every three, etc.)

Question 80

Describe stratified sampling techniques

Answer 80

Individuals are grouped into homogeneous groups (freshmen, sophomores, juniors, seniors) and then randomly selected from each group

Question 81

Describe cluster/multistage sampling techniques

Answer 81

Large subgroups (clusters) are randomly selected first, and smaller units from these clusters are selected. ``` 10 schools are chosen at random. 1 class from each school is selected at random. 4 students from each class are selected at random ```

Question 82

What does non-probabilistic sampling refer to?

Answer 82

the method for choosing subjects that does not involve a random selection process

Question 83

What are 3 types of non-probabilistic samplings?

Answer 83

1) Convenience Sampling 2) Snowball Sampling 3) Purposive Sampling

Question 84

Describe convenience sampling

Answer 84

subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher

Question 85

Describe snowball sampling

Answer 85

Research finds one subject, that one subject then finds a few more subjects, who then go and find a few more, to where the sample group snowballs

Question 86

Describe purposive sampling

Answer 86

Type of non-probability sampling in which the researcher has a specific subject in mind and choices are made carefully

Question 87

What test compares parametric (ratio or interval) data arranged in 2 independent groups?

Answer 87

unpaired t-test

Question 88

What test compares parametric (ratio or interval) data arranged in 3 or independent groups?

Answer 88

ANOVA (f-test)

Question 89

What test compares ordinal data arranged in 2 independent groups?

Answer 89

Mann-Whitney U

Question 90

What test compares ordinal data arranged in 3 or more independent groups?

Answer 90

Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA

Question 91

What test compares nominal data arranged in frequency counts?

Answer 91

Chi-Square

Question 92

What test compares parametric (ratio or interval) data arranged in 2 dependent groups?

Answer 92

paired t-test

Question 93

What test compares parametric (ratio or interval) data arranged in 3 or dependent groups?

Answer 93

repeated measures ANOVA

Question 94

What test compares non-parametric (ordinal or nominal) data arranged in 2 dependent groups?

Answer 94

Wilcoxon test

Question 95

What test compares non-parametric (ordinal or nominal) data arranged in 3 or more dependent groups?

Answer 95

Friedman's test

Question 96

Define Meta Analysis

Answer 96

The statistical procedure of combining data from multiple sources

Question 97

Define systematic review

Answer 97

The process of searching, appraising, and summarizing information on a selected topic