Review Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
All bones are covered by
A
periosteum
2
Q
movement that reduces angle, usually toward body
A
flexion
3
Q
movement that increases angle, usually away from body
A
extension
4
Q
end of a bone; shaft of a bone
A
epiphysis; diaphysis
5
Q
basic structural unit of bone
A
osteon
6
Q
most abundant cartilage, covers ends of long bones, firm but springy
A
hyaline cartilage
7
Q
strong stretchable cartilage found on external ear and epiglottis
A
elastic cartilage
8
Q
strong cartilaginous cartilage that makes up discs in joints
A
fibrocartilage
9
Q
4 paired arteries that go from aorta to head
A
common carotids, vertebral, thyrocervical, costocervical
10
Q
3 branches of aortic arch
A
brachiocephalic (right), left common carotid, left subclavian
11
Q
supply blood to heart muscle
A
coronary arteries
12
Q
lymph from lower body drains in this “pool” before ascending to the venous angle
A
cisterna chyli
13
Q
blockage of lymph flow resulting in swelling due to trapped fluid
A
lymphedema
14
Q
procedure that limits surgery and number of lymph nodes removed in breast cancers
A
sentinel node breast therapy
15
Q
wrist flexors and extensors work together to stabilize the wrist during finger movements…this is an example of
A
synergists
16
Q
excess muscle tone
A
hypertonic
17
Q
loss of muscle tone
A
flaccid
18
Q
components of a synovial joint
A
articular cartilage, capsule, joint cavity, synovial membrane, fluid
19
Q
skull sutures are this type of joint
A
fibrous joint
20
Q
type of joint found in pubic symphysis, between lumbar vertebrae
A
cartilagenous joint
21
Q
the hip is this type of joint
A
synovial joint
22
Q
axis and atlas “yes and no” motions are this type of joint
A
pivot
23
Q
lateral movement of the fingers would be this type of joint
A
condyloid
24
Q
small bones in the wrist are this type of joint
A
ellipsoid
25
wear and tear inflammatory condition
osteoarthritis
26
autoimmune inflammatory condition more common in women
rheumatoid arthritis
27
joints affected by Neisseria gonorrhoea
wrist, ankle, elbow
28
group of cells in the CNS
nucleus or gray matter
29
group of cells in PNS
ganglion
30
bunch of fibers in CNS
tract or white matter
31
bunch of fibers in PNS
nerve
32
dorsal root of the spine contains (blank) information while the ventral root contains (blank)
sensory; motor
33
a cutaneous nerve would contain (choose sensory or motor) info
sensory
34
how many spinal nerves are at each level
```
cervical 8
thoracic 12
lumbar 5
sacral 5
coccygeal 1
```
35
4 main plexuses
cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral
36
sympathetic nervous system cells originate in
lateral horn T1-L2
37
3 possible paths fibers can take in sympathetic trunk
1. synapse with another neuron at the same level
2. ascend or descend in trunk to synapse at another ganglion
3. pass through trunk and ganglion without synapsing to form a splanchnic nerve
38
surgery to treat excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)
surgical sympathectomy
39
spinothalamic pathway is (ascending or descending) while the corticospinal tract is...
ascending; decsending
40
what runs through the superior orbital fissure
lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, trochlear nerve, superior division of oculomotor, nasociliary branch of opthalmic nerve, inferior division of oculomotor nerve, abducens nerve
41
lambdoid suture
between occipital and parietal bones
42
internal carotid artery divides right above this part of the sphenoid bone
clinoid process
43
head trauma to this bone can cause you to lose your sense of smell
ethmoid
44
receptor cells for eyes and ears
eye- rods and cones of retina
| ear- hair cells
45
near sighted people have a focal point that falls (blank) the retina, while far sighted people have a focal point that falls (blank) the retina
in front of; behind
46
lens bulginess determines
accomodation
47
nerve that passes through internal auditory meatus
facial
48
amount of each type of vertebrae
7 cervical, 12 thoracacic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal
49
7 bones that form the orbit
frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, sphenoid, palatine, zygomatic
50
origin of back and other muscles (vertebra feature)
spinous process and transverse process
51
small pillars projecting from vertebra body
pedicles
52
flat planes that fuse in median plane
laminae
53
2 pedicles + 2 laminae make up
vertebral arch
54
where spinal cord comes through
vertebral foramen
55
articulates with vertebra above and below
superior and inferior articular facets
56
the dens is part of
C2
57
8 branches of the external carotid
superior thyroid artery, ascending phayrngeal artery, lingual artery, facial artery, occipital artery, posterior auricular artery, maxillary artery, superficial temporal artery
58
branches of internal carotid
opthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery
59
venous angle is where (blank) meets (blank)
where internal jugular meets subclavian
60
external and internal carotids divide at upper border of
thyroid cartilage
61
a boil is an infection of
hair follicle
62
a carbuncle is an infection of
superficial fascia
63
least malignant and most common skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
64
cancer involving proliferation of keratinocytes, can metastasize
squamous cell carcinoma
65
most lethal skin cancer
melanoma
66
three main veins that drain scalp
facial, retromandibular, external jugular
67
layers of epidermis from deep to superficial
stratum basale, stratum spinosum (prickly), stratum granulosum, stratu lucidum, stratum corneum (horny)
68
mild burn involving epidermis only, heals in 2-3 days
1st degree
69
burn involving epidermis and upper layers of dermis, can form blisters, heals in 3-4 weeks
2nd degree
70
nerve that sends fibers bilaterally in the eyes, damage indicated if there is no consensual pupillary reflex
pretectal nerve
71
4 cranial nuclei of parasympathetic system
ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic
72
brain lobe associated with spatial awareness and movement
parietal
73
brain lobe associated with emotion
insula
74
cranial nerves in medulla
CN 8-11
75
venous sinuses lie between these two layers
meningeal and periosteal/endosteal
76
dural venous sinuses
superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, right transverse, sigmoid, occipital, cavernous
77
secretion rate of CSF
400-500 mL/day
78
brain falls through foramen magnum
chiari malformation
79
burn involving all layers of skin, no pain initially, fluid loss is immediate danger
3rd degree
80
structures in the cavernous sinus
oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, opthalmic branch of trigeminal, maxillary branch of trigeminal, internal carotid, abducens,
81
3 cervical ganglia in head and neck
superior- to carotid arteries and cardiac plexus
middle- to thyroid and cardiac plexus
inferior and first thoracic- stellate ganglion, vertebral arteries, cardiac plexus
82
olfactory nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- olfactory epithelium
| exit- foramina in cribiform plate of ethmoid
83
optic nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- retina
| exit- optic canal
84
oculomotor nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- midbrain (visceral motor has postsynaptic in ciliary ganglia)
exit- superior orbital fissure
85
trochlear nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- midbrain
| exit- superior orbital fissure
86
trigeminal nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- trigeminal ganglion
exit- ophthalmic- superior orbital fissure
maxillary- foramen rotundum
mandibular- foramen ovale
87
abducens nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- pons
| exit- superior orbital fissure
88
facial nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- somatic motor- pons
somatic sensory and taste - geniculate ganglion
visceral motor- presynaptic in pons, postsynaptic in pterygopalatine ganglion
exit- internal acoustic meatus, facial canal, stylomastoid foramen
89
vestibular nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- vestibular ganglion
| exit- internal acoustic meatus
90
cochlear nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- spiral ganglion
| exit- internal acoustic meatus
91
glossopharyngeal nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- medulla, sensory ganglion
| exit- jugular foramen
92
vagus nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- medulla, inferior and superior ganglion
| exit- jugular foramen
93
accessory nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- spinal cord
| exit- jugular foramen
94
hypoglossal nerve location of cell bodies and exit point
location- medulla
| exit- hypoglossal canal
95
sensory receptors of facial nerve send signals to this ganglion
geniculate ganglion
96
cochlear fibers travel to which brain structures
inferior colliculi, thalamus, auditory cortex
97
neck muscle that depresses mandible and angle of mouth
platysma
98
neck muscle that extends he'd, flexes neck, orates head to opposite side
sternocleiodmastoid
99
neck muscle that elevate ribs, rotates neck
scalenes
100
back muscle that hyperextends head
splenius capitis
101
most muscles that attach to hyoid are needed for
swallowing
102
involuntary contraction of cervical muscles that cause twisting of neck and slanting of head to one side
torticollis
103
anesthetic or steroid inserted into this ganglion in the neck to block pain
cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion block
104
Horner Syndrome (loss of cervical sympathetic input to orbit) results in
miosis, ptosis (droopy eyelid) and anhydrosis
105
blockage or interruption of blood supply to brain (2 types)
stroke:
| ischemic or hemorrhagic
106
small infarct of small branch of large cerebral artery (usually branches of MCA or basilar)
lacunar infarct
107
muscles of mastication (and buccinator) all innervated by
trigeminal nerve
108
extrinsic tongue muscles all innervated by
hypoglossal nerve
109
digastric muscle innervated by
facial nerve
110
scalenes innervated by
accessory nerve
111
splenius, semispinalis, and trapezoid all responsible for
head extension
112
sternoclediomastoid, supra and infra hyoids responsible for
head flexion
113
muscles that close jaw
masseter, temporalis
114
jaw opening muscles (in addition to gravity)
digastric, mylohyoids
115
lateral face and scalp drain into which lymph nodes
parotid nodes, which then drain to deep cervical nodes
116
structures in the parotid gland
parietal plexus of facial nerve, retromandibular vein, external carotid, parotid lymph nodes
117
secretomotor function for parotid gland supplied by which nerve
glossopharyngeal
118
at anterior border of masseter, parotid duct turns medially and pierces this muscle to enter mouth
buccinator
119
put these in order from superficial to deep:
retromandibular vein
parotid plexus
external carotid
parotid plexus, retromandibular vein, external carotid
120
excision of parotid gland can alter function of this nerve
facial nerve
121
viscera of neck
3 layers:
| endocrine (thyroid, parathyroid), respiratory (larynx, trachea), alimentary (pharynx, esophagus)
122
glands behind thyroid, usually 4 of them
parathyroid glands
123
trachea divides into right and left bronchi at
sternal angle
124
largest cartilage of larynx, forms laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)
thyroid cartilage
125
false vocal cords, no role in voice, help close glottis when swallowing
vestibular folds
126
small depression of laryngopharyngeal cavity where objects can get stuck
piriform fossa
127
neck viscera responsible for digestive function
alimentary layer
128
beginning of alimentary canal
esophagus
129
where mouth becomes pharynx
palatoglossal arch
130
two arches of pharynx
palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal
131
superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal muscles arranged (blank) around (blank)
radially; raphe
132
enlarged palatine tonsils are called
adenoids
133
neck zone from root of next to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
Zone 1- airway can be obstructed
134
neck zone from cricoid cartilage to angle of mandible
Zone 2
135
neck zone superior to angle of mandible
Zone 3, can obstruct airway
136
when pain from deeper in body is perceived as arising more superficially because visceral and somatic afferents travel in same nerves
referred pain
137
line, ridge, crest
linear elevation
138
tubercle, protuberance, tuberosity, malleolus, trochanter
rounded elevation
139
spine or spinous process, styloid process
sharp elevation
140
head, condyle, epicondyle
expanded ends for articulation
141
facet
small flat area for articulation
142
notch, groove or sulcus, fossa
depression
143
fissure, foramen, canal, meatus
openings
144
when sensation of pain in a joint is lost
syringomyelia
145
cartilage cells continue to grow, widening epiphyseal plates
rickets
146
fractures in medial cranial fossa can damage
CN 3,4,6,7,8
147
beads of sweat on skin over parotid gland while eating due to damage to auriculotemporal and great auricular nerves
Frey's syndrome
