Review

Question 1

Contrast agent for MRI?

Answer 1

Gadolinium

Question 2

Contrast agent for UGI/LGI for GI tract (oral or rectal)?

Answer 2

Barium

Question 3

Contrast base for IV or Intra-arterial?

Answer 3

Iodine based

Question 4

What are 3 studies you would use IV/IA contrast?

Answer 4

Urinary studies (IVP, cystogram, urethrogram)

Angiogram

CT

Question 5

Risk with Gadolinium contrast?

Answer 5

Risk in renal failure –> nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.

Question 6

Indications for IVP?

Answer 6

Hematuria

Recurrent UTI

Anatomic variants

Cancer

Question 7

Complications with barium based contrast for GI tract?

Answer 7

Inflammatory reaction if it leaks into the peritoneum.
Constipation - drink plenty of liquids after.

For the water soluble iodinated version: thinner, less coating
Complications include:
Dehydration
Hypovolemia
Diarrhea
Aspiration into lungs (pulmonary edema, pneumonitis)
Hypersensitivity esp with asthma or allergy to iodine.

Question 8

Spiral or helical CT are good for..?

Answer 8

Diagnosing pulmonary embolus

Rapid evaluation of blunt trauma

Question 9

What will an MRI of the head show?

Answer 9

Blood vessels

Embolic events

Nerve injuries

Question 10

What will an MRI of the chest show?

Answer 10

Cardiac vessels and tissues.

Breast masses.

Question 11

Blood

Aneurysms

Circle of Willis

Answer 11

MRI

Question 12

Does a brain bleed show up better in an MRI or CT?

Answer 12

CT

Question 13

Do lungs show up better in an MRI or CT?

Answer 13

CT

Question 14

Do ligaments/tendons show better in and MRI or CT?

Answer 14

MRI

Question 15

Does the spinal cord show up better in an MRI or CT?

Answer 15

MRI

Question 16

Does a brain tumor show up better in an MRI or CT?

Answer 16

MRI

Question 17

Limited uses of MRI?

Answer 17

Implanted defibrillators/pacemakers

Cochlear implant

Clips on brain aneurysms

Question 18

Allows visualization of the hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems.

Answer 18

Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-pancreatography (MCRP)

Question 19

In an MCRP, slow flowing fluid such as bile or pancreatic appears very ______ compared to solid tissues and faster flowing blood appears ______.

Advantage of an MRCP?

Answer 19

Bright

Dark

No contrast needed

Question 20

Allows visualization of the blood vessels to study flow and function.

Most common organs studied are brain, kidney, aorta, legs.

Answer 20

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)

Question 21

How is contrast injected for an MRA?

Answer 21

IV rather than intra atrial

Contrast is gadolinium

Question 22

Describe hot and cold nodules on a thyroid scan.

Answer 22

“Cold” nodules (light) on a thyroid scan are:
Benign or malignant
Risk of cancer in a cold nodule is 10-15%.

Risk of cancer in a “hot” nodule (appears dark) is even lower. “Hot” indicates it is functioning (might be hyperthyroidism).

Question 23

Lung cancer is better seen..?

Answer 23

With PET/CT than with CT alone

Question 24

In regards to breast cancer, what is the genetic mutation inherited?

Answer 24

BRCA 1 or 2

Question 25

4 main things of mammography findings?

Answer 25

Masses Calcifications Asymmetry Distortion

Question 26

Echogenic/hyperechoic/sonodense

Answer 26

White (stones, bones, pericardium)

Question 27

Echopenic/hypochoic/sonolucent

Answer 27

Dark gray, lack of reflectiveness (kidney, spleen, uterus)

Question 28

Anechoic

Answer 28

Black, No reflectiveness (unclotted blood in vessels)

Question 29

Clarity of image, ability to discern one structure from another.

Answer 29

Resolution

Question 30

Concept behind how sound waves are made The ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge when they are placed under vibrations/mechanical stress.

Answer 30

Piezoelectric effect

Question 31

Both a transmitter/pulser and receiver

Answer 31

U/S transducer

Question 32

Modes on an U/S?

Answer 32

A mode - amplitude, simplest and oldest form. B mode - brightness, no motion, 2D, looks at structures D mode - Doppler, color, velocity, direction of blood flow, clots, cardiac issues, valve dysfunction (BART, blue away red towards) M mode - motion, d mode with color

Question 33

Focal irritation of bowel loops occurs due to inflammation of an adjacent organ.

Answer 33

Localized ileus (sentinel loops)

Question 34

Radiological findings in functional ileus?

Answer 34

2-3 persistently dilated small bowel loops or cecum. Gas, air fluid levels in sentinel loops. Gas in rectosigmoid vault.

Question 35

Radiological findings for Generalized Adynamic Ileus?

Answer 35

Dilation throughout the bowel and often stomach. Air fluid levels throughout the bowel, due to continued production of secretions. Gas in rectosigmoid vault.

Question 36

Dilation of many loops of small bowel proximal to obstruction giving rise to "step ladder" appearance.

Answer 36

Small bowel obstruction

Question 37

Peristalsis continuing in a SBO sounds like...

Answer 37

High pitched, rushes, hyperactive

Question 38

Inflamed gallbladder adheres to the duodenum. Gallstone gradually erodes through the gallbladder wall and into the bowl. If the gallstone is large enough, it ca obstruct the small bowel or the ileocecal valve.

Answer 38

Gallstone ileus (misnomer - actually a SBO)

Question 39

Intestines twisting on itself producing the mechanical obstruction (most common in sigmoid)

Answer 39

Volvulus

Question 40

Ionizing ration

Answer 40

X-ray, CT

Question 41

Non-ionizing radiation

Answer 41

Ultrasound, MRI

Question 42

Clinical use for Carbonic Anhydrous Inhibitors (CAI)?

Answer 42

Treatment of open angle glaucoma - decreases production of aqueous humor, by blocking carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary body of the eye. Mountain sickness - works by decreasing the amount of CSF and pH of CSF where carbonic acid is responsible for secreting bicarb. Creates a mild acidosis resulting is hyperventilation.