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review Flashcards

1
Q

the term “efferent” is typically associated with ______ and the term “afferent” with ________.

A

motor output; sensory input.

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2
Q

clusters of cell bodies below the cortex but within the central nervous system (eg. deep in the cerebral hemispheres or in the brainstem) are called?

A

nuclei

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3
Q

the primary motor cortex is located in the:

A

frontal lobe

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4
Q

what is a central pattern generator?

A

neuronal circuits that can produce rhythmic motor patterns such as walking, breathing, and swallowing in the absence of higher cortical imputs

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5
Q

The thalamus receives all the __information from the brain stem and relays it to specific cortical areas.

motor
sensory
olfaction

A

sensory

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6
Q

A ___________is a rod-like unit in a muscle cell.

A

myofibrils

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7
Q

This type of muscle is involuntary and makes up part of the esophagus. Please click on the WORDS, not the images.

A

smooth muscle

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8
Q 
define the types of skeletal muscle fibers to their properties. 
Type l
Type ll
Type ll A
Type ll B
A

high endurance, slow to fire.
low endurance, fast to fire.
medium endurance and high force.
greatest force generator and fatigues easily.

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9
Q

Hypotonicity

A

reduced resistance, flaccidity, or “floppiness”.

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10
Q

Hypertonicity

A

increased resistance, spasticity.

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11
Q

Which of the following types of training involve increasing the work a muscle must perform during a specified period of time or reducing the amount of time required to produce a given force?

Endurance training
Strength training
Power training

A

Power training

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12
Q

Which of the following is the relationship between muscle length and tension?

A

dynamics

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13
Q

at the neuromuscular junction, what happens to the post synaptic muscle cell as it is depolarized.

A

the muscle contacts

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14
Q

Sprinters are likely capitalizing on which muscle type?

A

Type l

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15
Q

For reflexes, the afferent signal makes connection with efferent neurons at the:

A

spinal cord

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16
Q

the term for how long a contraction is held is:

A

duration

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17
Q

Overload principle: the muscle must be challenged at a force that is ________ than that to which it it accustomed.

A

greater

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18
Q

what are the steps of muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?

A
  1. Presynaptic: releases vesicles of acetylcholine.
  2. Postsynaptic: acetylcholine binds to specialized receptors in the muscles motor endplate.
  3. Underlying muscle fibers are depolarized and contract.
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19
Q

What are the functions of neurotransmitters?

A 
excitatory = Ions depolarize 
Inhibitory = hyperpolarized cell
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20
Q

somatic nervous system
where?
what?

A

PNS

controls voluntary movements

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21
Q

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic division

sympathetic division

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22
Q

where and what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

PNS

involentary

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23
Q

where and what is the parasympathetic division?

A

PNS

rest and digest

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24
Q

where and what is the sympathetic division?

A

PNS

flight or flight

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25
Q

grey matter includes what?

A

Ganglia: cell bodies PNS
Nuclei: cell bodies CNS

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26
Q

White matter includes what?

A

Tract: axons CNS
Nerves: axons PNS

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27
Q

what is ganglia?

A

cell bodies PNS

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28
Q

what are nuclei?

A

cell bodies CNS

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29
Q

what is myelin?

A

insulation on the axon of the neuron

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30
Q

what does myelin do?

A

it’s a protective layer, makes neuron signals faster.

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31
Q

what is CSF?

A
  • filtered blood that protects the brain
  • cerebral spinal fluid
  • floats brain
  • filters toxins/ waste material.
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32
Q

what are glial cells?

A

PNS
Satellite cells- regulate chemical environment
swan cells- insulate neurons with myelin
CNS
astrocytes- anchor neurons to each other internally.
microglial: removes dead material

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33
Q

what are satellite cells?

A

glial cells that regulate the chemical environment, part of the PNS

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34
Q

what are swan cells?

A

glial cells that insulate neurons with myelin part of the PNS

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35
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

anchor neurons to each other internally, part of the CNS

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36
Q

what are microglial cells?

A

removes dead material, part of the CNS.

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37
Q

what is a subdural hematoma? What are the implications if not treated immediately?

A

a stroke where blood gathers between the dura mater and arachnoid mater. Death

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38
Q

what are the different planes that are used when describing human anatomy?

A

coronal
sagittal
transverse

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39
Q

what are the steps of action potential?

A
  1. resting state
  2. depolarization
  3. rising phase of action potential
  4. falling phase of action potential
  5. undershoot
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40
Q

the primary motor cortex of the left hemisphere controls what?

A

executive movement of the right side of the body.

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41
Q

what is the function of the primary function of the primary somatosensory cortex of the left hemisphere.

A

sensory cortex that receives input to pain/touch stimuli from the right side of the body.

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42
Q

list a few examples of how the frontal lobe can be damaged. Explain the effects that a damaged frontal lobe would have on an individual.

A 
How it can be damaged: TBI, stroke, lesion, lack of O2 to the brain.
damage effects: 
change in executive function
increase in risky behaviors
little spontaneous facial expressions
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43
Q

what are the different parts of the neuron?

A 
dendrites
soma (cell body)
nucleus
axon
terminal buttons
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44
Q

what is the difference between glial cells and neurons?

A

glial cells: support cell function - communication (astrocytes)

neurons: (transmit signals - communication

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45
Q

what are sarcomeres made up of?

A

two protein myofilaments = actin and myosin

46
Q

what cause muscles to contract by pulling filaments together and apart.

A

sarcomeres

47
Q

what gives the striated appearance to skeletal and cardiac muscle?

A

sarcomeres

48
Q

what is actin and myosin?

A

they are protein myofilament

49
Q

filaments of actin and myosin form together to form what?

A

myofibrils

50
Q

myofibrils are bundled together to form what?

A

muscle fibers

51
Q

these muscle fibers, along with mitochondria, nuclei and sarcomeres (cellular membrane) are?

A

muscle cells

52
Q

muscle cells get bundled together to form what?

A

fascicles

53
Q

fascicles combine to form a?

A

muscle

54
Q

what are the three muscle types?

A

1) skeletal
2) cardiac
3) smooth

55
Q

what are skeletal muscles?

A

mostly voluntary

anchored by tendons to bone

56
Q

what are cardiac muscles?

A

involuntary

found in the heart

57
Q

what are smooth muscles

A

mostly involuntary
organs such as the stomach,
bladder, part of the esophagus

58
Q

which muscles are striated (striped form sarcomeres)?

A

skeletal and cardiac muscles

59
Q

example of a muscular hydrostat?

A

tongue

60
Q

what is a muscular hydrostat?

A
  • no skeletal support

- provides it’s own movement and support.

61
Q

what do the intrinsic and extrinsic portions of the tongue do?

A

intrinsic: changes the shape of the tongue.
extrinsic: changes the position of the tongue in space.

62
Q

what causes movement?

A
  1. sensory stimuli trigger afferent neurons.
  2. information travels to brain where a motor plan is created.
  3. motor plan is carried via efferent neurons to muscles
  4. motor plan reaches muscles– movement happens!
    EXCEPTION: ……. Reflexes
    signal doesn’t go all the way to the brain
63
Q

Steps of a reflex

A
  1. sensory stimuli triggers afferent neurons.
  2. information travels to the spinal cord.
  3. direct connection to efferent neurons.
  4. Muscles carry out motor plan– movement happens!
64
Q

force/intensity is what?

A

resistance to movement or amount of force required. At midrange intensities, endurance also improves.

65
Q

speed/rate/velocity

A

speed at which movement is carried out. exercise speeds should match the desired outcome.

66
Q

duration

A

amount of time a muscle contraction is held. may improve strength or endurance.

67
Q

dynamics

A

relationship between muscle length and tension.

68
Q

isometric contractions

A

tension increases, muscle length constant

ex: wall sit, plank

69
Q

isotonic contractions

A

tension constant, muscle length changes

ex: bicep curls, push ups

70
Q

frequency

A

number of training sessions scheduled per unit of time.

71
Q

progression

A

systematic increase of resistance, velocity or duration.

72
Q

endurance

A

the ability for a muscle to exert submaximal force repeatedly over an extended period of time.

73
Q

strength

A

ability of a muscle to exert maximum force against a resistance.

74
Q

power

A

ability of a muscle to exert force times distance per unit of time

75
Q

weakness

A

reduced ability to produce force

76
Q

disrupted tone

A

muscles resistance to passive stretching

77
Q

2 examples of disrupted tone:

A

hypotonicity

hypertonicity

78
Q

fatigue

A

decline in muscle force generated over time (reduced endurance).

79
Q

endurance training

A

low-intensity muscle contractions, a large number of repetitions, and a prolonged time period.

80
Q

strength training

A

systematic procedure of having a muscle produce force against a resistance for a relatively low number of repetitions over a short period of time.

the amount of resistance applied to the muscle needs to be incrementally and progressively increased.

81
Q

power training

A

increasing the work a muscle must perform during a specific period of time, or reducing the amount of time required to produce a given force.

82
Q

one rep maximum (IRM)

A

the muscle must perform at a level greater than that at which it is accustomed to.

83
Q

reasons for (IRM)

A
  • identify baseline strength measurement.

- identify initial exercise load

84
Q

dosage to improve strength

A
  1. determine IRM
  2. complete higher number of reps. (15 or greater) at 80% of IRM for 2-3 sets
  3. when fatigue no longer occurs after completing target number of repetitions. increase the resistance to overload the muscle again.
85
Q

dosage to improve endurance

A

Method #1: 3-5 sets of 40-50 reps with low resistance.

Method #2: hold an isometric muscle contraction for incrementally longer period of time.

86
Q

IOPI

A

measure lip and tongue strength

normative data is available.

87
Q

what is white matter?

A
  • axons
  • get coloring from myelination.
  • deeper brain, and outer portions of spinal cord.
88
Q

what is grey matter?

A
  • cell bodies

- brain surface and inner part of the spinal cord.

89
Q

what’s the difference between tracts and nerves?

A
  • tracts= axons in CNS

- nerves= axons in PNS

90
Q

what is the difference between ganglia and nuclei?

A
  • ganglia= clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

- nuclei= clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

91
Q

what is lateralized function and what is specialized function?

A
  • lateralized= function primarily controlled by one hemisphere
  • specialized= certain regions serve distinct functions.
92
Q

what are the cells in the nervous system?

A

-Glial cells= provide support to neurons and nervous system
-neurons= signaling cells
-

93
Q

when a neuron is signaled one of two things can happen…

A

graded potentials

action potentials

94
Q

what happens in action potential?

A
  • depolarizes the cell, causes electrical energy to travel from the soma down the axon, to the terminal buttons.
  • depending on the neurotransmitter, the postsynaptic cell is inhibited or excited.
95
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A

where the postsynaptic cell is a motor end plate attached to a muscle fiber

96
Q

when action potential is generated in the muscle fiber…

A

it contracts

97
Q

the nervous system is divided into the…?

A

CNS and PNS

brain brainstem and spinal cord

98
Q

what makes up the brain?

A 
4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
limbic system/lobe
cerebellum
basal ganglia
thalamus
99
Q

what are the parts of the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

100
Q

what are the parts of the spinal cord?

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar

101
Q

what are the types of tracts?

A 
association
striatal
commissural
descending
ascending
102
Q

what is the arcuate fasciculus?

A

connects frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe areas critical to speech.

103
Q

what are the cranial nerves composed of?

A

both motor and sensory fibers that transmit information between the CNS and the body.

104
Q

explain spinal nerves

A

extend from 1st cervical vertebrae to upper lumbar vertibrae

105
Q

in the spinal cord the sensory cells are located in the….. and the motor cells are located in the….

A

back (dorsal)

front (ventricle)

106
Q

what is the meninges?

A

protective coverings of the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord.

107
Q

what are the different parts of the meninges?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

108
Q

what are the types of ventricles, and what do they contain?

A

lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
CSF

109
Q

what is the protective barrier against harmful chemicals and toxins.

A

blood brain barrier

110
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

links arteries between main branches.

111
Q

what are the main branches of the blood supply?

A

MCA, ACA, PCA

112
Q

which main artery branch is important for speech, language, and hearing.

A

MCA

330 cont. (1 decks)

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