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Medical Conditions Block 2 > Review > Flashcards

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1
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mouth, gums, tongue

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2
Q

What virus causes stomatitis and what age does this virus usually affect

A

Calici virus (feline herpes)
Affects kittens
Painful, infected

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3
Q

Can calculi virus (feline herpes) be cured? What treatments can you use

A

Calculi virus=stomatitis
Can’t be cured
May respond to anti-biotic, steroids , full mouth extractions , immunosuppressive drugs (cyclosporin)
Extractions : better prognosis early on (especially molars/pre molars)
Some cats need all teeth removed.

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4
Q

Foreign objects in mouth

A

Fish hooks, porcupine quills, string (cats)
May be around mouth/in mouth or inside throat
Sticks, curled rawhide

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5
Q

Treatment for foreign bodies in mouth

A

Anesthetic/sedation to remove

Antibiotics and NSAIDS for pain relief

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6
Q

What does GDV stand for?

A

Gastric dilation and volvulus

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7
Q

What is GDV?

A

Gastric Dilation and Volvulus
Bloat
Starts with dilation of stomach filled by twisting or rotation of stomach which blocks both the entrance and exit of the stomach

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of GDV?

A

Retching, may not bring anything up but white foam

Bloated abdomen, restless, tender, very sudden onset

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9
Q

How do you treat GDV

A

Gastric dilation and volvulus is treated by:
Fluid therapy
Immediate surgery because they can die within hours
Gastropexy:dogs stomach is sutured to the abdominal wall which prevents it from twisting

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10
Q

Gastropexy

A

Dogs stomach is sutured to the body wall to prevent it from twisting

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11
Q

How do you diagnose GDV

A

X-rays

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12
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon
Very common cause of diarrhea
Often causes bloody mucoid diarrhea with straining , pain , numerous causes

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13
Q

Colitis symptoms

A 
Diarrhea 
Watery/pudding like diarrhea 
Can have Frank blood 
Or melena (happened in the intestines) 
Usually pet normal otherwise
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14
Q

What can cause colitis

A 
Bacteria over growth 
Infection (bacterial, parasitic, viral) 
Stress 
Diet 
Change antibiotics
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15
Q

How is colitis treated

A

Conservatively (home diarrhea therapy)
Metronidazole
Check fecal samples for parasites / other causes if concerns , non responsive. Other signs

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16
Q

Metronidazole

A

Antibiotic

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17
Q

Foreign bodies in stomach

A

Very common

May get stuck in stomach

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18
Q

Signs of foreign bodies in stomach

A

See vomiting

May cause no symptoms- sometimes it passes through

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19
Q

Intestinal tract foreign bodies

A

May cause obstruction

May perforate intestinal tract

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20
Q

Diagnosing foreign bodies in stomach/intestinal tract

A 
X-Rays 
Barium series (contrast) 
Ultrasounds
Exploratory surgeries 
Endoscopy
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21
Q

Barium series

A

Drink barium sulfate with water is ingested and X-ray’s are used to create radiographs of the areas of interest.
Barium appears white on the film and can show if there are any obstructions in the digestive tract.

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22
Q

Intestinal obstruction causes

A 
FB
Intussusception (telescoping of intestinal tract)
Tumors 
Hernias 
Roundworms
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23
Q

Clinical signs of intestinal obstructions

A

Abdominal pain
Vomiting
No stool passed

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24
Q

Hernias in intestines

A

Loop of intestines can be caught in hernia and twist

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25
Round worms in intestines
Can get to large numbers and obstruct area
26
How to treat intestinal obstructions
Need surgery | Endoscopy
27
What happens if you don't get surgery right away when there is an intestinal obstruction
GIT will become necrotic and die | May need to stitch healthy sections back together
28
Flatulence
Gas Common complaint May be sign of malnutrition due to bacterial fermentation; typically due to nutrients that make it to the colon
29
What improves flatulence
Diet change
30
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity
31
Causes of peritonitis
Usually due to leakage of intestinal contents into abdomen but can also result from viral infection (FIP) Trauma (Bladder rupture, abdominal wounds) Uterine rupture Leakage of surgical site
32
Peritonitis Treatment
Need surgery to flush area, repair damage Antibiotics Pain medication Can be fatal if not addressed quickly
33
Constipation
Absent, infrequent or difficult defecation. | Don't confuse with colitis
34
Causes of constipation
``` Bladder obstruction (cats) Anorectal obstruction (matted hair around anus) Prostate enlargement in dogs , tumors. Rare in dogs Megacolon ```
35
Treatments of constipation
``` Enemas Laxatives Stool softeners Increasing water intake Increasing fiber (pumpkin) Drugs that increase intestinal motility Neuter if prostate Surgery if mega colon (surgery-colectomy) Shrink or remove tumor ```
36
Diarrhea
Single most common complaint from clients Passage of loose, unformed stools May include vomiting, usually an emergency when dog is having diarrhea in house
37
Causes of diarrhea
``` Garbage guts Salmonella Toxins Partial/full obstructions Food in tolerances Viral ```
38
Treatments of diarrhea
``` Conservative therapy to start if the pet looks good IV fluids Coating Agents Antibiotics - Metronidazole Probiotics Pain meds Antiemetics Intestinal diets Hypoallergenic diets ```
39
Tests of diarrhea
Fecal testing Blood work X-rays
40
Rectal obstruction causes
Prostatic hyperplasia: uneautered males, enlarged with testosterone Tumors in rectum, anus, LN internally can press on anus Fecal impactions can occur with constipation , megacolon Pelvic fractures
41
Pseudo constipation
Matted stool around anus | Discuss grooming and sanitation
42
Hepatitis
``` Many things damage the liver Viruses Toxins Parasites Drugs Autoimmune disease Endocrine disease ```
43
Hepatitis treatment
Liver can repair itself if treated early because it's regenerative Usually severe disease to fail liver (needs to affect most of liver) Can fix if cause treated early
44
Hepatitis Lipidosis
Fatty liver disease Over weight cats stop eating , even for short period Body breaks down extra fat for energy , which damages liver Cat becomes very I'll within few days; could progress to liver failure
45
Signs of hepatic lipidosis
Jaundice, vomit, anorexia, lethargic
46
Hepatic lipidosis treatments
``` Hospitalization IV fluids Feeding tube(usually esophageal) Vitamin K1 B12 supplements Antibiotics Steroids ```
47
After hospital stay with hepatic lipidosis
Sent home with feeding tubes which are used until cat is eating well Prevent obesity in your cats !
48
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
Disease of pancreas where there is inadequate production of digestive enzymes Atrophy of pancreatic cells (usually immune-mediated)
49
Signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Eat but lose weight Usually loose stool (may be different colour , more fragrant) Generic component in German Shepard's, rough collies Flatulence Stools covered in mucus
50
Diagnose Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
Check trypsin levels in blood
51
Treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Digestive enzyme supplement injections
52
Pancreatitis
Digestive enzymes released into tissue of pancreas, causing massive inflammation and sometimes damaging the endocrine portion (islets) which can lead to diabetes
53
Pancreatitis symptoms
``` Vomiting Abdominal pain Fever Can be fatal if severe Anorexia Lethargy ```
54
Pancreatitis causes
``` Fat in diet (dogs) Toxin IBD (cats) Genetics (schnauzers) Drug side effects Cushings Hypothyroidism ```
55
Diagnostics
Cpl Fpl Abdominal ultrasound
56
Treatments of pancreatitis
``` If fluids Pain meds Entiemetics NPO dogs (feed cats) Antibiotics cats Steroids Liver meds Vitamin b12 injections Appetite Stimulants ```
57
Triad of pancreatitis , hepatitis , duodentitis
Commonly seen in cats due to proximity of pancreatic and bile ducts Common to have IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) with pancreatitis and hepatitis because ducts/organs are all close Vomit might force some bacteria up into pancreas Cats gut has more bacteria for digestion than dogs Usually need to treat all three at the same time Metronidazole, feeding tubes
58
Hernias
Abnormal openings in the abdominal wall Three locations : umbilical, inguinal, diaphragmatic Abdominal contents, especially fat may push out through openings If loops of intestines get trapped in hernias, can result in obstruction which can be fatal
59
Umbilical Hernia
``` Formed by incomplete closure of umbilical ring (belly button, where body comes together with nourishment) after birth Most contains fat May be reducible Diagnose by exam Suspect genetic, more common in dogs Fix at spay/neuter to avoid problems ```
60
Inguinal Hernia
``` More common in dogs, may be genetic Cavalier spaniels, chihuahua Pregnant females Overweight Trauma Diagnose by exam Needs to be corrected surgically ```
61
Diaphragmatic hernia
Tear in diaphragm , abdominal organs in chest Most common as trauma but can be congenital Cats/dogs Often causes labored breathing May be fatal Diagnose by X-ray's need surgery to fix Will need to breath for pet
62
Mega colon
Abnormal distention of colon where feces collects in the colon
63
Intussusception
Part of the intestine folds into the part next to it
64
Megaesophagus
Enlarged esophagus
65
Pharyngitis
``` Sore throat, may include tonsillitis Usually infectious Common to find FB in throat May be reluctant to drink, may drool more, may drop food May cough/retch/gag May see changes in breathing May be infection (URTI) Could have fb or tumor Treat with antibiotics, anti inflammatories Tumor/FB removal ```
66
Common signs of abdominal swelling
``` Foreign bodies Ascites Pregnancy Organomegaly Puss filled uterus Enlarged bowel ```
67
Flatulence
Fermentation of bacteria of bacteria usually in the colon due to malabsorption or high fiber diet
68
Weakness
Possibly hypoglycemia Malnutrition Cardiovascular: nutrients not getting into tissue via blood stream Muskuloskeletal : weakness, sore, unwilling to move Easy to confuse with lethargy
69
Halitosis
Not always dental disease | Renal disease, diabetes, stomatitis
70
Kaopectate
Coating agent Limits excretions of the intestines Coats intestinal wall Inhibits / slows growth of bacteria / inflammation
71
Pepto Bismol
Inhibits/slows growth of bacteria /infections | Coating agent, coats walls of intestines
72
Aspirin
Dangerous to pets | Don't give on NSAIDS, if they have ulcers, on steroids
73
Antibiotics
``` Used for serious bacterial infections Upset normal flora in colon Can develop resistance to antibiotic, anorexia, allergies Finish full course of meds Call clinic if V/D continues 3x a day every 8 hours ```
74
Steroids
``` Anti-inflammatory Immunosuppressant PD/PU but don't discontinue water Watch dose because decreases functions of immune system Prednisone ```
75
Feeding tubes
Nasogastric Esophagostomy Gastrostomy
76
Antiemetics
Cerenia Injectable/oral Gravol - car sickness
77
Anorectal obstruction
Matted hair around anus | Show client how to properly clean up
78
Prostate enlargement
Neuter if prostate | Possible constipation problem
79
Megacolon
Possible constipation problem

Medical Conditions Block 2 (13 decks)

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