Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

M2 - Pharm > Review - Antibiotics > Flashcards

Review - Antibiotics Flashcards

(91 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Tetracyclines

A
  • Rx: GramPos
  • MOA: Bacteriostatic
    • Binds to 30S (Thirty S) subunit
    • Prevents Aminoacyl-tRNA attachment
  • Limited CNS penetration
  • Avoid milk, antacids, iron
  • Resistance: Transport pumps (plasmid encoded) decrease uptake into cells or increase efflux out of cells
  • Side Effects:
    • Tummy problems
    • Can’t get Taller
    • Terrible Vision (photosensitivity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tetracyclines Clinical Use

A
  • Borrelia Burgdorferi
  • Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
  • Rickettsia (intracell accum)
  • Chlamydia (intracell accum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Doxycycline

A

Hepatic excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Demeclocycline

A
  • ADH antagonist
  • Can be used as diuretic in SIADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Minocycline

A

Effective for acne (Mi-NO like acne!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aminoglycosides

A
  • Rx: GramNeg
  • MOA: Bacteriocidal
    • Block Initiation Factor II @ 30S (A = 1st letter → initiation)
    • Cause mRNA misreading
    • Require O2
  • Low CNS penetration
  • Resistance: Transferases inactivate via APA
    • Acetylation
    • Phosphorylation
    • Adenylation
  • Side Effects: (ami-NOT-glycosides)
    • Nephrotoxicity, esp w/Cephalosporins
    • Ototoxicity, esp w/Loop Diuretics
    • Teratogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Aminoglycosides Clinical Use

A
  • Severe GramNeg Rod infections (ami-NOT)
  • Synergistic w/ß-lactams
  • Monitor peak & trough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of Aminoglycosides

A
  • Gentamycin
  • Streptomycin
  • Neomycin
  • Amikacin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of Tetracyclines

A
  • Doxycyline
  • Demeclocycline
  • Minocycline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gentamycin

A
  • Aminoglycoside
  • Marketed longest
  • Most Side Effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Streptomycin

A
  • Aminoglycoside
  • Rx:
    • TB
    • Tularemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neomycin

A
  • Aminoglycoside
  • Bowel Sx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Amikacin

A

Only hepatically-excreted aminoglycoside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Penicillins

A
  • Rx: GramPos Cocci & Rods, GramNeg Cocci, Spirochetes
  • MOA: Bacteriocidal – Interfere w/Cell Walls
    • Bind PBPs
    • Block Transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan
    • Activate Autolytic Enzymes
  • Resistance: ß-lactamases cleave ring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Penicillins Clinical Use

A
  • Bacteriocidal for:
    • GramPos cocci & rods
    • GramNeg cocci
    • Spirochetes
  • Clincal:
    • Strep Pneumo
    • Strep Pyogenes
    • Actinomyces
    • Syphilis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Penicillins Side Effects

A
  • Hemolytic Anemia
  • Hypersensitivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oral Penicillin

A

Penicillin V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

IV Penicillin

A

Penicillin G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

A
  • Rx: Staph Aureus (not MRSA)
  • MOA: Same as penicillins
    • Bind PBPs
    • Inihibt Transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycans
    • Activate autolytic enxymes
  • Narrow Spectrum
  • Penicillinase Resistant → bulkier R group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins Clinical Use

A

Staph Aureus (but not MRSA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins Side Effects

A
  • Interstitial Nephritis – Methicillin
  • Hypersensitivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

This penicillin can cause interstitial nephritis

A

Methicillin (Penicillinase-Resistant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Examples of Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

A
  • Methicillin
  • Nafcillin
  • Dicloxacillin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Aminopenicillins

A
  • MOA: same as penicillins
    • bind PBPs
    • block Transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycans
    • activate autolytic enzymes
  • Wider spectrum
  • Usually combined w/Clavulanic Acid (ß-lactamase inhibitor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Aminopenicillins Clinical Use
Extended Spectrum good for: * **H**. Influenzae * **E**. Coli * **L**isteria Monocytogenes * **P**roteus Mirabilis * **S**almonella * **S**higella * **E**nterococci
26
Aminopenicillins Side Effects
* **Pseudomembranous Colitis** * Rash - Ampicillin * Hypersensitivity
27
This tetracycline is hepatically excreted
Doxycycline
28
This tetracycline can be used as a diuretic in SIADH
Demeclocycline
29
This tetracycline is used for acne
Minocycline
30
This aminoglycoside is hepatically excreted
Amikacin
31
This penicillin can cause a rash
Ampicillin (Aminopenicillin)
32
This type of penicillin can cause pseudomembranous colitis
Aminopenicillins
33
Examples of Aminopenicillins
* Ampicillin * Amoxicillin
34
Ampicillin
* Aminopenicillin * Can cause rash
35
Amoxicillin
* Aminopenicillin * Greater Oral bioavailability (am**O**xicillin → **O**ral)
36
This aminopenicillin has greater oral bioavailability
Amoxicillin
37
Anti-Pseudomonals
* Rx: Gram**Neg** rods, Pseudomonas * MOA: same as penicillins * bind PBPs * block **Transpeptidase** cross-linking of peptidoglycans * activate autolytic enzyme * **Extended Spectrum** * Susceptible to **Penicillinase** * Usually combined w/**Clavulanic Acid** (ß-lactamase inhibitor)
38
Anti-Pseudomonals Clinical Use
* Pseudomonas * GramNeg Rods
39
Anti-Pseudomonals Side Effects
Hypersensitivity
40
Examples of Anti-Pseudomonals
* **T**icarcillin * **C**arbenicillin * **P**iperacillin **T**ake **C**are of **P**seudomonas!
41
ß-lactamase inhibitors
* Added to penicillins to prevent destruction by penicillinase / ß-lactamase * Include: * Clavulanic Acid * Sulbactam * Tazobactam
42
ß-lactamase
* aka penicillinase * breaks down ß-lactam ring → penicillin resistance
43
Cephalosporins
* MOA: ß-lactams that inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis * Less susceptible to penicillinase
44
Cephalosporins Side Effects
* **VItamin K** Deficiency * Clotting Factors 10, 9, 7, 2 + Proteins C & S * bleed into cavities * **Cross-Hypersensitivity** w/**Penicillins** in 5-10% of pts * Increase **Nephrotoxicity** of **Aminoglycosides** * **Disulfiram-like** rxns w/**EtOH**
45
1st Gen Cephalosporins
* Drugs: "Jeremy **Lin** is #1 and Drives a **Lex**us" * Cefazo**lin** * Cepha**lex**in * Rx: " **1 PEcK**" * **P**roteus Mirabilis * **E**. **C**oli * **K**lebsiella Pneumoniae
46
2nd Gen Cephalosporins
* Drugs: "**2 Fake Fox Fur**s" * Ce**fac**lor * Ce**fox**itin * Ce**fur**oxime * Rx: "**2 HEN PEcKS**" * **H**. Influenzae * **E**nterobacter Aerogenes * **N**iesseria Spp * **P**roteus Mirabilis * **E**. **C**oli * **K**lebsiella Pneumoniae * **S**erratia Marcescens
47
3rd Gen Cephalosporins
* Drugs: "**T** for **Three**" * Cef**tri**axone * Cefo**tax**ime * Cef**taz**idime * Rx: Serious Gram**Neg**
48
this cephalosporin is good for Rx meningitis and gonorrhea
Cef**tri**axone (3rd gen) "TRI meningitis and gonorrhea"
49
this 3rd gen cephalosporin is good for Rx pseudomonas
Cef**taz**idime "TAZe that pseudomonas!"
50
4th Gen Cephalosporins
* Drug: "Fe for Four" * Ce**fe**pime * Rx: * Pseudomonas * Gram**Pos**
51
5th Gen Cephalosporins
* Drug: * Ceftaroline * Rx: * MRSA
52
First beta-lactam approved for Rx MRSA
Ceftaroline (5th gen cephalosporin)
53
Chloramphenicol
* MOA: blocks peptide bond formation at **50S** subunit (chloramFENicol at FIFTY) * Resistance: **Acetyltransferase** (plasmid-encoded) inactivates drug * Rx: Meningitis
54
Chloramphenicol Clinical Use
**MEN**ingitis | (→ Chlora**M**ph**EN**icol)
55
Chloramphenicol Side Effects
* Dose-DEpendent Anemia * Dose-INdependent Aplastic Anemia * Gray Baby Syndrome
56
Clindamycin
* MOA: blocks peptide bond formation at **50S** subunit (like chloramFENicol at FIFTY)
57
Clindamycin Clinical Use
* Anaerobic Infections above diaphragm * Aspiration Pneumonia * Lung Abscess
58
Clindamycin Side Effects
* Pseudomembranous colitis * Fever * Diarrhea
59
These two drugs can cause pseudomembranous colitis
* Aminopenicillins * Clindamycin
60
Macrolides
* MOA: bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitors * block **translocation** at **50S** subunit * *MacroSLIDE → translocation* * ​Resistance: **Methylation** of **rRNA** binding site at **23S** of 50S subunit * ***M**ethylation → **M**acrolide resistance*
61
Macrolides Clinical Use
* Atypical Pneumonias * Mycoplasma (*walking pneumonia -- Xray looks way worse than symptoms)* * Chlamydia * Legionella (*silver stain, standing water*) * URI * STDs * Gram**Pos** Cocci * Strep when pt allergic to penicillin * Neisseria
62
Examples of Macrolides
* ErythROmycin * AzithROmycin * ClarithROmycin (macROlides)
63
Macrolides Side Effects
* **Prolonged QT interval** (Erythro) → arrhythmia * **Acute Cholestatic Hepatitis** * **Dysgeusia** (Clarithro) * **Increased serum conc of**: * Theophyllines * ​Oral anticoagulants * GI discomfort * Eosinophilia * Skin Rashes
64
this macrolide can prolong QT interval
Erythromycin | (erythro sounds like arrhythmia)
65
This macrolide can cause dysgeusia
Clarithromycin
66
This macrolide is safe to use in pregnancy
Azithromycin
67
Fluoroquinolones
* MOA: Bacteriocidal **DNA Gyrase** inhibitors * aka **Topoisomerase II** * DNA can't separate → no replication * Resistance: **DNA gyrase mutation** (chromosome-encoded) * Renal excretion
68
Fluoroquinolones Clinical Use
* Gram**Neg** rods in **Urinary** & **GI** tracts * Pseudomonas * Neisseria * Some Gram**Pos** organisms
69
Fluoroquinolones Side Effects
* **Superinfections** * **Tendonitis / Tendon Rupture** * Leg Cramps, Myalgias in kids * **C/I kids, pregnancy** → cartilage/bone damage * likes to steal calcium * GI Upset * Skin rash * Headache * Dizziness
70
Examples of Fluoroquinolones
* Ciprofloxacin * Any-floxacin! * Enoxacin * Nalidixic Acid
71
Fluoroquinolones for Gonorrhea
* **O**floxacin * **M**oxifloxacin * **G**atifloxacin "**O**h **M**y **G**od - I have gonorrhea!"
72
Metronidazole
* MOA: Bacteriocidal and Antiprotozoal * form **free radicals** * **pyruvate oxidoreductase** → **ferredoxin** → reacts w/free radicals → anaerobe death
73
Metronidazole Clinical Use
* Infections below diaphragm: * **G**iardia * **E**ntamoeba * **T**richomonas * **G**ardenerella * **A**naerobes * H. **P**ylori ## Footnote *GET GAP on the Underground Metro!*
74
Metronidazole Side Effects
* **Disulfiram-like rxn w/EtOH** * Inhibits **aldehyde dehydrogenase** → EtOH not metabolized → **aldehyde buildup** * **Metallic Taste / Dysgeusia** * Flushing * Sweating * Nausea * Headache * Hypotension
75
Aztreonam
* Monobactam * MOA: Binds to **PBP3** → prevents peptidoglycan cross-linking
76
Aztreonam Clinical Use
* **GramNeg Rods** * Pts w/Penicillin Allergy * Pts w/Renal Insufficiency who can't take Aminoglycosides
77
Carbapenems
* Beta-lactamase resistant * Imipenem + Ciliastatin to help drug stay in body longer (decrease inactivation in renal tubules) * Gram + cocci * Gram -- rods * Anaerobes * **CNS toxicity (seizures)** * GI distress
78
Examples of Carbapenems
* Imipenem (+cilistatin) * Meropenem
79
Vancomycin
* binds **D-ala-D-ala** to inhibit cell wall peptidogycan formation * Gram + * Resistant organisms * C. diff * MRSA * Enterococci * **Nephrotoxicity** * **Ototoxicity** * **Thrombophlebitis** * **Red Man Syndrome**
80
Sulfonamides
* bacteriostatic * inhibit Dihydropteroate Synthase via PABA antimetabolites * Use for: * Gram + * Gram -- * Nocardia * Chlamydia * Simple UTI * Resistance: * altered enzyme * decreased uptake * increased PABA synthesis
81
Examples of Sulfonamides
* Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) * Sulfisoxazole * Sulfadiazine
82
Sulfonamide Side Effects
* Hypersensitivity * Nephrotoxicity * Photosensitivity * Kernicterus (high bilirubin) (infants) * Hemolysis (if G6PDH deficient)
83
TMP-SMX
* Bactrim * Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole * UTI * Shigella * Salmonella * Pneumocystis jirovecii
84
Trimethoprim
* inhibits dihydrofolate reductase * usually combined w/SMX * Megaloblastic anemia * Leukopenia * Granuloycytopenia * Leucovorin can alleviate S/E by replenishing folate
85
Rifampin
* inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase * Rapid resistance if used by itself * Rx: * TB * Leprosy * Meningococcal prophylaxis * Red-orange secretions * Hepatotoxicity (Rifampin for RNA and Red-orange)
86
Isoniazid
* Activated by KATG bacterial catalase-peroxidase (INH-KATG) * Inhibits Mycolic Acid synthesis * Can cause B6 deficiency (heme, GABA) * anemia * seizures * Hepatotoxicity
87
Pyrazinamide
* Unknown MOA * Rx: TB * Hyperuricemia * Hepatotoxicity
88
Ethambutol
* Blocks arabinosyltransferase * decreases carb polymerization of cell wall * Rx: TB * Red-green colorblindness * Optic neuropathy
89
Rx for TB?
RIPES * Rifampin * INH * Pyrazinamide * Ethambutol * Streptomycin
90
Rx Regimen for TB
* First 2-9mos: INH + Rifampin + Pyrazinamide + Ethambutol * Continuation: INH + Rifampin * Completion determined by total # doses (not total therapy time)
91
Resistant TB
* MDR TB: resistant to at least INH and Rifampin * Rx: at least 5-7 drugs * XMDR TB: resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, any fluoroquinolone, and either capreomycin, kanamycin, or amikacin * Treatment continued for 18-24 months, or 12-18 months after culture becomes negative

M2 - Pharm (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions