Review for Unit 1 Test Flashcards
(42 cards)
Columbian Exchange
Exchange between mostly Americas and Europe (New World and Old World)
Europe got potatoes and corn (along with pineapples, cocoa, vanilla, tomatoes, and peanuts)
Natives received wheat, sugar, and tobacco (animals such as chickens, horses, pigs, and cows)
Smallpox brought over and decimated nearly 90-95% of tribes
Richard Hakluyt
Basically wrote advertisements for America
Kept the British dream of American colonization alive and insisted that American colonies were essential to economy
Made America sound no short to paradise
Never actually saw America
John Rolfe
Brought tobacco to Virginia
Chesapeake Colonies
Virginia + Maryland - similar to Southern Colonies
Cash Crops (tobacco)
Slavery + Plantations
Great and Small Planters (land determined social status)
Women would marry to rich plantation owners
House of Burgesses
Battle of Yorktown
Roger Williams
Went against the Puritans:
1. extreme separatist
2. Charter didn’t ask Native = not valid
3. Shouldn’t punish for religious beliefs - “God’s not men’s responsibility”
In 1636 banished and founded Rhode Island
New York Colony
Originally called New Netherlands in 1624 and owned by the Dutch West India Company (Fort Orange/Albany and New Amsterdam/New York City
England sent Richard Nicholls in 1664 and the Dutch surrendered and the English let the Dutch remain
Duke’s Laws 1665
Main crop = wheat
Location for Stamp Act Congress and Battle of Saratoga
Half-Way Covenant
1662 - allowed grandchildren to become baptized to be under the church but did not allow for full political rights
Mercantilism
Economic principle to focus on selling (increase exports and decrease imports)
Monopolize finite resources
Used by British Imperialism
Dominion of New England
Created by James II in 1686 to 1689
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Plymouth, New York, New Jersey, and New Hampshire all under one area
Sir Edmund Andres was Royal governor - alienated Puritans, abolished elected assemblies, and enforced Navigation Acts (no more salutary neglect)
1st Great Awakening
Unified religious movement that occurred at different places at different times
First appeared in New England in 1730s
Stated that organized religion lost vitality; ministers stuck on dull, scholastic matter that no longer touched the heart
Proclamation of 1763
Attack on property as Parliament prohibited granting land past the Ohio Valley as to not start war with the Natives
Army seen as costly obstruction to Americans
Boston Massacre
1770 - After rocks and snowballs being thrown at them, British soldiers shot into a crowd of unarmed Americans
Life was violated
5 were killed
Lexington and Concord
1775 - Gage sent troops to seize rebel supplies
Paul Reevre said the British are coming
Militia stood against British at Lexington (didn’t intend to fight)
“Shot heard around the world”
Bunker Hill later (mixed results, although British technically won)
8 Americans laid dead
Battle of Saratoga
General Burgoyne sent 7000 troops from Canada to Saratoga
Aug. 1777, Bennington overwhelmed the Hessian mercenaries
Surrenders with 5800 to Horatio Gates
General Howe moved troops to Philadelphia
American Victory
James Oglethrope
Go against Spanish and help the English poor
Helped found Georgia in 1732 (eventually became a penial colony; like the Australia of the British American Colonies)
Put criminals to fight the Spanish if ever tried to invade
Navigation Acts
1660 - 1) 75% British or colonial crew 2) must go to colonial or British ports first before other nations (loop hole) enumerated goods
1663 - Staple Act - nothing could be sold to American ports unless sold to England first
1673 - plantation duties on enumerated goods - put agents to keep track of duties and competitors
Main purpose to cut out the Dutch and others trying to trade in America (cut out competition) and at first, the New Englanders ignored
Salem Witch Trials
Occurred in 1692 in Salem Village
Arrested on spectral evidence
19 hung, 1 pressed
Eventually a pastor said that it’s better to let ten witches escape than let one innocent person be condemned
Mostly women who accused
Reasons: religious discord, economic tension, misogyny, and fear of Native Americans
Jonathan Edwards
Congregational minister
Accepted traditional teachings of Calvinism and fate is omnipotent God (pre-destination, can’t save yourself from damnation)
Sugar Act of 1764
Revenue Act of 1764 (attack on property)
Wanted to discourage smuggling, bribery, and other illegalities that prevented profit from the Navigation Acts
Reduced tax on molasses to stop bribing of customs collectors
Denied right to assess own taxes (liberty)
Quakers
“Professions of the Light” and “Friends”
No learned ministry
Beliefs from George Fox 1660 “Inner Light” to final God
Everyone could be saved
Humility and simple clothing, didn’t honor worldly possessions or accomplishments
Didn’t swear oaths
William Penn’s Holy Experiment and in 1681 got a charter for Pennsylvania
Stono Uprising 1739
In South Carolina, 150 Slaves took guns and ammo
Marched towards Florida, but militia overtook them and killed most of them
Increased fear and hardships on African slaves
Some were able to become mariners once freed
Bacon’s Rebellion
1675 - Natives attacked
1676 - Bacon asked to attack Natives back, governor said no
Burned down Jamestown and Charles II eventually sent 1,000 troops to hep out Berkley only for both Bacon and Berkley to be dead
Seven Years War
1756-1763
War between French and Native Americans and the British
British victory that left tremendous toll - major event that lead to the Revolutionary War (left Britain in great debt that tried to push onto the colonists)
Ended with Peace Treaty of Paris of 1763
Stamp Act 1765
Had tax on special seals to legalize documents such as newspapers, licensures, diplomas, legal papers, and playing cards (marriage licenses)
Went effect on Nov. 1, 1765
Virginia Resolves to counteract + Stamp Act Congress
Liberty was attacked but didn’t claim independence yet
