Review II- 10/16/21

Question 1

Lipids

Answer 1

Hydrophobic molecules extracted from cells by non-polar solvents which associate with each other, excluding water

Question 2

Fatty acid based lipids

Answer 2

Ampipathic, micelle forming, includes TAGS

Question 3

Isoprenoids

Answer 3

Cholesterol

• Membranes
• Signals
• Cofactors
• Fat soluble vitamins

Question 4

Linoleic acid

Answer 4

Omega 6 fatty acid, 18:2 delta 9,12

Question 5

Linolenic acid

Answer 5

Omega 3 fatty acid, 18:3 delta 9,12,15

Question 6

Essential fatty acids

Answer 6

omega 6 and omega 3

Question 7

Long chain fatty acid absorption

Answer 7

Absorbed in SI, incorporated into chylomicron then transported by lacteals to subclavian vein

Question 8

Medium chain FA absorption

Answer 8

More easily hydrolyzed, absorbed and enter mitochondria directly, enter portal circulation like carbs
Treatment for premature infants, epilepsy, chronic pancreatitis

Question 9

Short chain Fatty acids

Answer 9

Produced by colon microbiome, 6-10% of energy, 80% of colonocyte energy, can cross blood brain barrier

Question 10

Fatty acid melting temp effect

Answer 10

Cis double bonds biggest effect in lowering, longer length higher MP, trans lowers a little

Question 11

Critical micelle concentration

Answer 11

Concentration of free FAs in H20 that they start forming micelles

Question 12

Digestive enzymes

Answer 12

Lingual lipase, gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase (stimulated by CCK)

Question 13

CCK

Answer 13

Stimulates pancreatic lipase and PLA

Question 14

Cholate

Answer 14

AKA cholic acid, is a bile salt, 95% recycled

Question 15

Absorption of long chain FAs

Answer 15

Either passive diffusion across membrane or mediated by Fatty acid transferases

Question 16

NPC1L1

Answer 16

Helps cholesterol uptake into cells

Question 17

Exetimibe

Answer 17

Blocks the action of NPC1L1

Question 18

ACAT

Answer 18

Esterifies cholesterol to acetyl CoA

Question 19

Problems leading to malabsorption and steatorrhea

Answer 19

-Biliary obstruction
-Pancreatic diseas
-celiac disease
Loss of essential FAs and fat soluble vitamins

Question 20

TAG synthase

Answer 20

Reassembles TAGs in intestinal epithelia from 2-MAG and 2 Acyl-CoA

Question 21

ApoB48

Answer 21

On chylomicrons, recognized by LRP for uptake in liver

Question 22

MTP

Answer 22

Microsomal transport protein, loads lipids onto ApoB48 particle

Question 23

Abetalipoprotemia aka Bassein-Kornzweig disease

Answer 23

Lack of MTP, very low serum levels of TAG and CE

Question 24

Apo C-II

Answer 24

Cofactor for LPL

Question 25

Serum MAG hydrolase

Answer 25

Take 2 MAG and turns to glycerol and FA

Question 26

Apo E

Answer 26

Stimulates hepatic triglycerol lipase on liver (HTGL)

Question 27

Hypercholesterolemia

Answer 27

High LDL

Question 28

Foam cells

Answer 28

Macrophages that have eaten oxidized LDL in the tunica intima, secrete MMP and growth factors to stimulate smooth muscle growth

Question 29

Apo-B100

Answer 29

On VLDL and LDL, recognized by LDL receptor

Question 30

Lysosomal acid lipase

Answer 30

Has cholesterol esterase activity that creates FC

Question 31

PCSK9

Answer 31

Promotes degradation of LDL receptor, inhibition lowers plasma LDL levels

Question 32

LDL receptor half life

Answer 32

About 20 hours, one trip every 10 mins

Question 33

LDL half life

Answer 33

Around 3 minutes

Question 34

How to get rid of cholesterol

Answer 34

Excreted through skin and digestive tract, make steroids

Question 35

Regulation of HMG coA reductase

Answer 35

FC leads to down in gene transcription and amount of enzyme Lack of FC leads to increase in transcription Statins Phosphorylation by AMPK

Question 36

Products of isoprenoid pathway

Answer 36

Cholesterol, ubiquinone, Dolichol, farenesylated proteins

Question 37

LCAT

Answer 37

Esterizes FC to FA CE in HDL, removes extra cholesterol, activated by ApoA1

Question 38

SRB1

Answer 38

Scavenger receptor, picks up HDL for degradation

Question 39

CETP

Answer 39

Cholesterol ester transport protein, transfers CEs to VLDL and TGs to HDL