Review of basic biochemistry

Question 1

Carbohydrates are composed of what 3 main elements?

Answer 1

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Question 2

The General formula for most carbohydrates is _________

Answer 2

C_n(H₂O)_n

Question 3

The storage form of energy in humans is _______

Answer 3

Glycogen

Question 4

In respiration, glucose is oxidized in living cells to produce CO₂, H₂O, and _______

Answer 4

Energy

Question 5

A body’s ___________ is the reverse of photosynthesis

Answer 5

Metabolism

Question 6

Glycogen is an example of a _______ formed of many _____ units

Answer 6

Polysaccheride

Glucose

Question 7

Fat, oil and cholesterol are examples of ________

Answer 7

Lipids

Question 8

Fatty acids are important sources of fuel because they yeild large quantities of ____

Answer 8

ATP

Question 9

A peptide bond is formed between amino acids by the _____ process

Answer 9

Condensation reaction

Question 10

The bond formed between two amino acids due to condensation is called _____

Answer 10

Peptide bond

Question 11

What are the aromatic amino acids?

Answer 11

tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine

Question 12

All amino acids have alpha amino groups except ______

Answer 12

Proline

Question 13

How many levels of protein structures do we have?

Answer 13

4

Question 14

alpha-helix is what type of protein structure?

Answer 14

Secondary

Question 15

beta-sheet is what type of protein structure?

Answer 15

Secondary

Question 16

What are the stores of genetic codes?

Answer 16

Nucleic acids

Question 17

Which of the following is a nucleotide?
ATP
DNA
RNA

Answer 17

ATP

Question 18

Both DNA and RNA have which of the same 3 bases?

Answer 18

Guanine, Adenine and Cytosine

Question 19

Predict the sequence of bases that is complementary to this strand:

A-G-T-C-C-A-A-T-G-C

Answer 19

T-C-A-G-C-T-C-A-C-G

Question 20

ATP, NAD⁺, NADP⁺, and FAD are classified as _______

Answer 20

Nucleotides

Question 21

Myocardial infarction elevates serum levels of which enzymes?

Answer 21

Creatinine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase

(CK and LDH)

Question 22

Pancreatitis elevates levels of which enzymes?

Answer 22

Amylase and Lipase

Question 23

How can assay of plasma enzymes aid diagnosis and prognosis?

Answer 23

Because many diseases that cause tissue damage result in an increased release of intracellular enzymes into the plasma

Question 24

________ is the sum of all chemical reactions within the cell.

Answer 24

Metabolism

Question 25

Glycolysis is the lysis of glucose, whereas ________ is the lysis of glycogen.

Answer 25

Glycogenolysis

Question 26

Plasma glucose increases in case of ______ and it decreases in case of ______

Answer 26

Glycogenolysis, Glycolysis

Question 27

Glycogenesis is ________________________________

Answer 27

Is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage.

Question 28

Glycogenolysis is __________________________________

Answer 28

Is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1).

Question 29

Glycolysis is the lysis of ______, whereas glycogenolysis is the lysis of ______.

Answer 29

Glucose, Glycogen

Question 30

________ Is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+.

Answer 30

Glycolysis

Question 31

___________ Is the process for production of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate, pyruvate; from breakdown of proteins such as glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides and glycerol).

Answer 31

Gluconeogenesis

Question 32

Is ATP a nucleotide or nucleoside?

Answer 32

Nucleotide because it has a phosphate

Question 33

________ is the chemical-storage form of energy within the cell.

Answer 33

ATP

Question 34

Most of the energy in ATP are stored in the bond between the _________

Answer 34

Second and third phosphates

Question 35

________ is used by the cell as an electron carrier to mediate numerous reactions.

Answer 35

NAD

Question 36

List the 3 main roles of Glycolysis

Answer 36

• Traps glucose within the cell
• Produces energy in the form of NADH and ATP with minimal energy input
• Produces products that are used in other metabolic pathways within the cell

Question 37

What is the net product of glycolysis in terms of NADH and ATP?

Answer 37

+2 ATP & + 2 NADH

Question 38

What is the fate of pyruvate if you are doing exercise (anaerobic)?

Answer 38

In the cytosol, NAD will be produced, which will be used to produce ATP (energy) plus lactate

Question 39

Why your body ache during exercise?

Answer 39

Due to production of lactate

Question 40

What is the fate of pyruvate in aerobic state?

Answer 40

The mitochondria will produce Acet-CoA, which will produce citric acid in Krebs cycle.

Question 41

In Krebs cycle, the regulation is mediated via allosteric inhibition by products on enzymes used previously in the cycle.

For example, _ _____ _ ______will cause a decreased activity of _______ _________ via inhibition of phosphofructokinase.

Answer 41

An increase in citrate

Citrate synthase

Question 42

In Krebs cycle, the regulation is mediated via inhibition of ________ when citrate is high in concentration.

Answer 42

Phosphofructokinase

Question 43

Glycolysis of one molecule of glucose produces _______ molecules of pyruvate. One molecule of pyruvate produces _______

Answer 43

2; 1 ATP

Question 44

One molecule of glucose produces two molecule of pyruvates, which produces -___ molecule(s) of ATP .

Answer 44

2

Question 45

ATP yielded from the oxidative phosphorylation of ATP were much greater than that of glycolysis alone.

True or False?

Answer 45

True

Question 46

How many ATP are produced via electron transport phosphorylation chain (ETS)?

Answer 46

32