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π“˜π“‚π“‚π“Šπ“ƒπ‘œπ“π‘œπ‘”π“Ž > Review of Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Review of Innate Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What does adaptive immunity involve?

A

➝ very specific recognition of an infectious agent (usually a protein)

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2
Q

What does innate immunity involve?

A

➝ no specific antigen recognition

➝ recognition of broadly conserved features of different classes of pathogens

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3
Q

What are the 6 components of innate immunity?

A 
➝ Phagocytosis 
➝ The inflammatory response
➝ cytokines, interferons and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) 
➝ complement
➝ intrinsic defences 'the hostile cell' 
➝ NK cells
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4
Q

What immune feature do all multicellular organisms have in common?

A

➝ means to recognise and phagocytose debris and infected cells

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5
Q

What cells is phagocytosis carried out by in vertebrates?

A

➝ dendritic cells
➝ macrophages
➝ neutrophils

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6
Q

What cells do most of the phagocytosis at the site of infection?

A

➝ neutrophils

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7
Q

What do neutrophils do in chronic inflammation?

A

➝ they do a lot of tissue damage during chronic inflammation

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8
Q

What two things does phagocytosis do?

A

➝ clears pathogens

➝ presents peptides on MHC

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9
Q

What does phagocytosis promote?

A

➝ development or reactivation of the adaptive immune response

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10
Q

How is material destroyed in phagocytosis?

A

➝ in lysosomes

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11
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

➝ in tissues

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12
Q

What can trigger macrophage activation?

A

➝ captured material

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13
Q

What do activated macrophages produce?

A

➝cytokines and chemokines to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses

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14
Q

What do the products of activated macrophages trigger and what does this promote?

A

➝ the inflammatory response and can promote a local antimicrobial state

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15
Q

What is the main purpose of macrophages?

A

➝ clear and recruit other cells to the site of infection

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the inflammatory reponse?

A

➝ localise and eliminate injurious agents and to remove damaged tissue components

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17
Q

What are the 4 things that occur during the inflammatory response?

A

➝ Enhanced permeability of endothelial cells and extravasation
➝ neutrophil recruitment into the cell
➝ enhanced cell adhesion
➝ enhance clotting

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18
Q

What are cytokines and chemokines?

A

➝ Glycoprotein hormones that affect the immune response

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19
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

➝ act to modify the behavior of cells in the immune response

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20
Q

What are most cytokines called?

A

➝ Interleukins

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21
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

➝ act as chemotactic factors
➝ they create concentration gradients which attract or occasionally repel specific cell types to a site of production/infection

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22
Q

What does a macrophage secrete when it is infected?

A

➝ IL-8

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23
Q

What does TNF alpha do?

A

➝ opens the endothelium and triggers an anti-viral response

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24
Q

What 2 cells types is IL-1 produced by?

A

➝macrophages and keratinocytes

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25
What is the effect of IL-1 and IL-6?
➝ induces acute-phase protein secretion
26
What 2 cell types produce IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12?
➝ macrophages and dendritic cells
27
What is the effect of IL-8?
➝ chemoattractant for neutrophils
28
What is the effect of IL-12?
➝ Diverts the immune response to type 1 | ➝ proinflammatory cytokine secretion
29
What are the 4 ways in which phagocytes know what to phagocytose?
➝ detecting phosphatidylserine ➝ scavenger receptors ➝ toll-like receptors ➝ passive sampling
30
What cells do passive sampling?
➝ neutrophils
31
When is phosphatidylserine expressed in cells?
➝ when they are undergoing apoptosis
32
What are PAMPs?
➝ molecules present only on pathogens and no host cells ➝ invariant structures share by entire class of pathogens ➝ pathogen-associated-molecular-patterns
33
What is a gram negative PAMP?
➝ lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrane
34
What are 3 gram positive PAMPs?
➝ teichoic aicd ➝ lipoteichoic acid ➝ peptidoglycan found in the outer membrane
35
What are 3 other PAMPs?
➝ bacterial flagellin ➝ abnormal protein glycosylation ➝ abnormal nucleic acids - viruses
36
What are PRRs?
➝ pattern recognition receptors | ➝ receptors for PAMPs
37
What are PRRs encoded by?
➝ germline
38
What are the three classes of PRR?
➝ extracellular ➝ intracellular ➝ secreted
39
What do extracellular PRRs recognise and do ?
➝ recognise PAMPs outside of a cell and trigger a co-ordinated response to the pathogen
40
What do intracellular PRRs recognise and do?
➝ PAMPs inside a cell and act to co-ordinate a response to the pathogen
41
What do secreted PRRs do?
➝ tag circulating pathogens for elimination
42
What is the PAMP ligand for lectin receptors and what is the outcome when it is recognised?
➝ terminal mannose and fucose | ➝ phagocytosis
43
What is the PAMP ligand for scavenger receptors and what is the outcome when it is recognised?
➝ Bacterial cell walls and modified low-density lipoproteins | ➝ phagocytosis
44
What are the 6 PAMP ligands for toll like receptors?
``` ➝ LPS with CD14 ➝ lipoproteins ➝ unmethylated CpG ➝flagellin ➝ dsRNA ➝ ssRNA ```
45
What is the outcome when toll like receptors recognise PAMPs?
➝ Inflammation and cytokine release :TNF, IL-1, IL-12 ➝ enhanced killing : reactive oxygen species, NO ➝ Phagocytosis
46
What are the two PAMP ligands for NOD like receptors?
➝ peptidoglycan from gram + and gram -
47
What is the outcome when NOD like receptors recognise PAMPs?
➝ inflammation and cytokine release : IL-1, IL-8
48
What are the 2 PAMP ligands for RIG like receptors?
➝ DsRNA and 5' triphospho-RNA
49
What is the outcome when RIG like receptors recognise a PAMP?
➝ Type 1 interferon production | ➝ apoptosis
50
What is the definition of the complement?
➝ heat-sensitive component of serum that can augment the ability of antibodies to inactivate antigens
51
What three things does complement activation lead to?
➝ Opsonisation ➝ recruitment of phagocytic cells, vasoactive function ➝ punches holes in target membranes
52
What do complement proteins act like?
➝ act as secreted pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
53
In what two ways can complement proteins be activated?
➝ a range of PAMPs | ➝ 'altered self'
54
What are the three classical pathways of complement?
➝ Classical pathway ➝ Lectin pathway ➝ Lack of host control pathway
55
How does the classical complement pathway work?
➝ through antigen-antibody complexes ➝ the triggering protein is C1q ➝ C1q recognises lipopolysaccharides
56
What does the lectin pathway recognise?
➝ Recognises abnormal glycosylation
57
What does the lack of host control pathway recognise?
➝ anything that is not of host origin
58
What are interferons induced by and what do they offer?
➝ induced by viral infection | ➝ cross-protection
59
Describe how interferon stops viral proteins being made?
➝ a cell is infected by a virus ➝ the virus replicates ➝ the cells apoptose and die and release a lot of virus which attempts to invade the neighbouring cells ➝ during the primary infection interferon is produced and secreted ➝ it binds to the cells that have a receptor for it ➝ it triggers an antiviral state in those cells ➝it turns on antiviral response genes which are not normally expressed ➝ protein kinase R is usually inactive ➝ if a virus gets in and replicated it produces a lot of double stranded RNA which activated protein kinase R ➝ this switches off the ribosomes ➝ the virus cannot produce more proteins
60
How do antimicrobial peptides work?
➝ disrupting the cell wall leading to lysis
61
How are antimicrobial peptides induced?
➝ bacterial infection
62
What are antimicrobial peptides?
➝ secreted short peptides (18-45 amino acids)
63
What are 5 features of the intrinsic defences of the cells?
``` ➝ Apoptosis ➝ restriction factors/intrinsic immunity ➝ epigenetic silencing ➝ RNA silencing ➝ autophagy/xenophagy ```
64
What % of white blood cells are natural killer cells?
➝ 4%
65
What is the function of natural killer cells and how do they do this?
➝ they kill tumour cells and virally infected cells | ➝ caused by cytotoxic molecules called granzymes and perforins
66
What are the 3 cell types in the innate immune system?
➝ macrophages ➝ neutrophils ➝ dendritic cells
67
What are the cell types in the adaptive immune system?
➝ lymphocytes
68
Which one of innate and adaptive retains memory?
➝ adaptive
69
Which one has higher specificity : innate or adaptive?
➝ Adaptive
70
What receptors does the innate immune system use?
➝ pattern recognition
71
What receptors does the adaptive immune system use?
➝ Ig and TCR
72
What is the recognition strategy of the innate immune system?
➝ Small number of microbial ligand that are highly conserved between pathogens ➝ germ line encoded receptors that have evolved by natural selection
73
What is the recognition strategy of the adaptive immune system?
➝ Billions of possible antigens | ➝ receptors are generated randomly within an individual and they cannot be inherited
74
Which is the faster out of innate and adaptive?
➝ innate

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