Review Of The Human System

Question 1

Afferent division

Answer 1

Nerve fibers that send impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system

Question 2

Anatomical position

Answer 2

A position standing erect with the feet and palms facing the examiner.

Question 3

Anterior

Answer 3

The front, ventral surface.

Question 4

Capillaries

Answer 4

Tiny vessels that connect arterioles to venules.

Question 5

Central nervous system

Answer 5

The brain and the spinal cord

Question 6

Efferent division

Answer 6

Nerve fibers that’s end impulses form the central nervous system to the peripheral

Question 7

Homeostasis

Answer 7

A state of equilibrium in the body with respect to the functions and composition of fluids and tissues.

Question 8

Inferior

Answer 8

Towards the feet, below the point of reference in the anatomical position

Question 9

Integumentary system

Answer 9

The largest organ system in the body consisting of the skin and accessory structures.

Question 10

Limbic system

Answer 10

The part of the brain involved with emotions and olfaction

Question 11

Lymphatic system

Answer 11

The network of vessels, ducts, nodes, valves, and organs involved in protecting and maintaining the internal fluid environment of the body.

Question 12

Organ

Answer 12

A structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized to perform a more complex function than any one tissue alone.

Question 13

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 13

The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system usually involved in activating vegetative functions such as digestion, defecation and urination

Question 14

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 14

A subdivision of the nervous system consisting of nerves and ganglia

Question 15

Plasma membrane

Answer 15

The outer covering of a cell that contains the cellular cytoplasm also known as the cell membrane

Question 16

Posterior

Answer 16

The back or dorsal surface

Question 17

Prone

Answer 17

The position in which the patient is lying on the stomach , face down

Question 18

Reticular activation system

Answer 18

A functional system in the brain essential for wakefulness attention, concentration and introspection

Question 19

Somatic nervous system

Answer 19

The part of the nervous system composed of never fibers that send impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle.

Question 20

Superior

Answer 20

Situated above or higher than a point of reference in the anatomical position

Question 21

System

Answer 21

Interconnected functions or organs in which a stimulus or an action in one area affects all other areas

Question 22

Diaphragm

Answer 22

Separated the thoracic cavity with the abdominal cavity

Question 23

Parts of the human cell

Answer 23

Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

Question 24

Extracellular

Answer 24

Outside of the membrane

Question 25

Intercellular

Answer 25

Between cells

Question 26

Intracellular

Answer 26

Inside the membrane

Question 27

Pleural cavity

Answer 27

Lungs

Question 28

Pericardial cavity

Answer 28

Heart

Question 29

Cilia

Answer 29

Short hair like extensions on the free surfaces of some cells capable of movement

Question 30

Mitosis

Answer 30

Cells divide to multiply

Question 31

Tissues

Answer 31

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue

Question 32

Neurons

Answer 32

Are nerve cells Conducting cells of the nervous system Cell body , dendrite and axon

Question 33

Skin

Answer 33

Sheet like organ composed of two distinct layers of tissue. Epidermis and dermis.

Question 34

Glands

Answer 34

Major glands of the skin are sebaceous and sweat glands.

Question 35

Vertebral column

Answer 35

``` 33 bones 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal ```

Question 36

Femur

Answer 36

Longest bone in the body

Question 37

Major types of muscle

Answer 37

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth muscle

Question 38

Primary functions of the muscular system

Answer 38

Movement Postural maintenance Heat production

Question 39

Nervous system

Answer 39

The nervous system and endocrine system are the main regulatory and coordinating systems of the body

Question 40

Medulla

Answer 40

Regulates heart rate, blood vessels diameter, breathing, swallowing , vomiting, coughing and sneezing

Question 41

Pons

Answer 41

Relay information form the cerebrum to the cerebellum. Houses the sleep center and respiratory center help control breathing.

Question 42

Reticular activation system

Answer 42

Sleep wake cycle , at rousing and maintaining consciousness.

Question 43

Cerebrum

Answer 43

Largest portion of the brain divided into right and left hemispheres.

Question 44

Cerebellum

Answer 44

Second largest part of the brain involved in gross motor coordination and helps produce smooth movements

Question 45

Layers of the brain

Answer 45

Pia innermost Arachnoid Dura outermost

Question 46

Blood components

Answer 46

Connective tissue 95% red blood cells 5% white blood cells and platelets

Question 47

Plasma

Answer 47

92% water | 8% molecules

Question 48

Formed elements

Answer 48

Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets

Question 49

Blood

Answer 49

``` Neutrophils Destroy bacteria/ immune defense Eosinophils Allergies and parasitic infection Basophils Inflammatory and allergic , release of histamine and heparin Monocytes Chronic infection , immune defense Platelets Produce within the bone marrow, blood clotting T lymphocytes Cellular and immune response B lymphocytes Antibody production Erythrocytes Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport ```

Question 50

Anterior pituitary

Answer 50

Adrenocorticotropic hormone - Tropic hormone Prolactin - Lactogenic hormone, breast development and milk secretion

Question 51

Posterior pituitary

Answer 51

Antidiuretic hormone - Stimulates retention of water by the kidneys Oxytocin - Stimulates uterine contraction and release of milk

Question 52

Thyroid

Answer 52

Thyroxine Stimulate the energy metabolism of all cells Calcitonin Breakdown of bones

Question 53

Adrenal cortex

Answer 53

Mineralocorticoids; aldosterone - Regulate electrolyte and fluid homeostasis Glucocorticoids; cortisol - Stimulate glucogenisis causing an increase in blood glucose concentration, anti inflammatory, anti immunity, and anti allergy effects.

Question 54

Adrenal medulla

Answer 54

Epinephrine (adrenaline) - | Prolong the sympathetic nervous response during stress

Question 55

Pancreatic islets

Answer 55

Glucagon- Stimulates liver glucogenolysis causing an increase in blood glucose concentration. Insulin - Promotes glucose entry into all cells causing a decrease in blood glucose concentration

Question 56

Pineal

Answer 56

Melatonin | Tropic hormone that affects he ovaries , maybe involved with the internal clock of the body.

Question 57

Anatomy of the heart

Answer 57

Located in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity in the pericardial cavity. Apex- The round point of the heart Pericardium - Pericardial sac The portion of the serous pericardium that lines the fibrous pericardium is called the parietal pericardium The portion that covers the heart surface is the visceral pericardium or epicardium The cavity between the parietal and visceral pericardium contains pericardial fluid which reduces friction as the heart moves. ``` Septum The right and left chambers of the heart are separated by the septum . Interatrial septum - Separates the right and left atria Interventricular septum- Separates the right and left ventricle ``` Atrioventricular valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the atria Tricuspid valve Between the right atria and the right ventricle Bicuspid valve or mitral valve Between left atria and left ventricle Blood enters the right atrium from the systemic circulation via inferior and superior vena cavae Capillaries Nutrients and product waste exchange Pulmonary circulation (left side) Pulmonary arteries - deoxygenated blood Pulmonary veins- oxygenated blood ``` Systemic circulation (right side) Aorta oxygenated Coronary arteries, head , neck , upper and lower limbs , thoracic aorta and its branches , abdominal and arteries of the pelvis Coronary veins , veins of the head , neck , upper and lower limbs , veins from the thorax , abdomen and pelvis , and the hepatic portal system , which transports blood from the digestive tract to the liver. ```

Question 58

Lymph

Answer 58

Serves as a transport role | Return tissue fluid , proteins , fats , and other substances to the general circulation

Question 59

Airway anatomy

Answer 59

Upper and lower airway are separated by the glottis opening (vocal cords) ``` Upper airway Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx ``` ``` Lower airway Trachea Bronchial tree Alveoli Lungs ```

Question 60

Alveoli

Answer 60

Where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place

Question 61

Liver

Answer 61

Largest internal organ Upper right quadrant Blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein Albumins Globulins And clotting factors are all made and released by the liver

Question 62

Gallbladder

Answer 62

Bile is secreted by the liver and stored in he gallbladder | Only role of the gallbladder is to concentrate and store bike made by the liver

Question 63

Pancreas

Answer 63

Exocrine gland | Secretes insulin

Question 64

Anatomy of the eye

Answer 64

``` Fibrous tunic Sclera and cornea Vascular tunic Choroid , ciliary body and iris Nervous tunic Retina ``` Sclera White opaque outer layer maintains the shape of the eye Cornea A vascular and transparent structure that permits light to enter the eye Iris Colored part of the eye Retina Inner sensory layer responds to light , contains photoreceptor cells called rods and cones . Rods for the night and cones for the day Tympanic membrane Ear drum