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Oral Radiology Midterm > Review PPT > Flashcards

Review PPT Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What part of the x-ray tube has the following:

Made of lead glass

Window of non-lead glass

A

Evacuated glass envelope

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2
Q

the electrons of particulate radiation is made up of what

A

beta particles
cathode rays

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3
Q

We know that 99% of kinetic energy goes to heat dissipation, what are the 3 steps the dissipation occurs through?

A

heated tungsten block –> copper block –> insulating oil

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4
Q

What kind of action of ionizing radiation is this?

Radiation interacts with the biologic molecules of the body

A

Direct

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5
Q

What % is Compton scattering regarding interactions of x rays with matter

A

~57%

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6
Q

Regarding equivalent dose:

X radiation –> 1 Gy =

A

1 Sv

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7
Q

high-energy radiation, capable of producing ions

A

Ionizing radiation

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8
Q

What patient protection?

Protection of the thyroid gland and gonads

Very radiosensitive areas

A

Aprons and thyroid protectors

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9
Q

transmission of energy through space and matter in the form of
waves or particles

A

radiation

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10
Q

What is this:

electrons (negative charge)

A

Orbitals

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11
Q

What is the formula for effective dose

A

Equivalent dose x Wt

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12
Q

What are the 3 GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN RELATION TO RADIATION PROTECTION

A

Justification
Optimization
Dose Limitation

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13
Q

particulate radiation is made up of what 4 things

A

alpha particles
protons
electrons
neutrons

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14
Q

what dentition?

before 1st molar erupts

A

primary

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15
Q

Unstable ions, atoms or molecules with an unpaired
electron, which tends to rapidly associate with other molecules

A

Free radicals

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16
Q

creation of an ion

A

ionization

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17
Q

What is the current in the tungsten filament

A

3-10V

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18
Q

What % is coherent scattering regarding interactions of x rays with matter

A

~7%

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19
Q

Maximum scattered radiation will be backwards - example:

____ to _____ degrees from the primary beam as it ENTERS the patient

A

90 to 180

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20
Q

What part of the x-ray tube has the following:

Tungsten (focal spot)

Copper block (thermal conductor)

A

Anode (+)

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21
Q

Which guideline principle?

The radiation dose to the patient should be kept as low as possible

A.L.A.R.A - As Low As Reasonably Achievable

A

Optimization

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22
Q

Regarding imaging receptors - the most ______ receptor compatible with indicated
examination should be used

A

sensitive

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23
Q

What % is photoelectric absorption regarding interactions of x rays with matter

A

~27%

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24
Q

Who did research with cathode rays and special screens that glowed when exposed

A

Wilhelm Röntgen

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25
What personnel protection? The team must leave the room or use barrier protection, when needed, which should contain a glass window with lead
Protective barriers
26
Regarding equivalent dose: alpha radiation --> 1 Gy =
20 Sv
27
What is this: protons (positive charge) and neutrons
atomic nucleus
28
In particular, the operator is not to stand on the side of the patient _______ the x-ray tube as this would expose them to the ______ x-ray beam EXITING the patient
opposite ; direct
29
These are examples of what kind of ionizing radiation: imaging exams radiography & tomography
diagnostic
30
What kind of action of ionizing radiation is this? Radiation interacts with the water molecules present in the body and then with biologic molecules
indirect
31
spontaneous nuclear disintegration process of a molecule to acquire a more stable form
radioactivity
32
What unit for measuring quantities of radiation is this? The total energy absorbed by any type of ionizing radiation per unit of mass of any type of matter Gray (Gy)
Absorbed dose
33
Which guideline principle? Benefit of the diagnostic exposure exceed the Risk of harm
Justification
34
the alpha particle of particulate radiation is made up of what
2 protons 2 neutrons
35
Who experimented with vacuum tubes and noticed a greenish fluorescence on plates that were away from the tube
Wilhelm Röntgen
36
what radiation has enough energy to overcome the electron binding energy
Ionizing radiation
37
Who noticed distance > cathode rays
Wilhelm Röntgen
38
What are the following? Change or loss of a base Breakage of a single DNA strand Breakage of both DNA strands Cross-linking of DNA strands to other DNA strands or to proteins
DNA Changes - Damages
39
What theory of electromagnetic radiation is this: Small discrete bundles of energy (PHOTONS) Contains a specific amount of energy (electron volt - eV)
quantum theory
40
These are examples of what kind of ionizing radiation: radiotherapy cancer treatment
Therapeutic
41
Generally, the position of minimum exposure will be at ___ degrees from the primary beam as it EXITS the patient
45
42
43
When it is not possible to use barriers or leave the room, never: Hold the receptor in _____
position
44
Maximum scattered radiation will be ______
backwards
45
Which guideline principle? The individual effective dose shall not exceed the limits recommended by the ICRP Occupational and general public
Dose limitation
46
Spectrum of photons emitted from an x-ray machine operating at 70 kVp --> The vast preponderance of radiation is _________ radiation with a minor addition of ________ radiation
bremsstrahlung ; characteristic
47
an atom is composed by what 2 things
atomic nucleus orbitals
48
filter out the photons with less energy
filtration
49
the exposure button has active ______ voltage
high
50
What x-rays? Dental stage of development = adolescent (no primary teeth & before 3rd molars erupt) Type of Exam = Growth & Development OR Dental/Skeletal Relationships
As needed PANO/PAs to access 3rd molars
51
What theory of electromagnetic radiation is this: Travel at the speed of light in a vacuum Are described in terms of their wavelength and frequency
wave theory
52
What unit for measuring quantities of radiation is this? Biological effects of different types of radiation, weighted for each type of tissue Sievert (Sv)
Effective dose
53
What % is no interaction regarding interactions of x rays with matter
9%
54
Regarding source-to-skin distance: The _____ the distance, the less _____ the photons will be, and the lower the irradiated area
longer ; divergent
55
What unit for measuring quantities of radiation is this? Biologic effects of different types of radiation Sievert (Sv)
Equivalent dose
56
When it is not possible to use barriers or leave the room, never: Neither the operator nor the patient should hold the ________
x-ray tube head
57
When it is not possible to use barriers or leave the room, never: Stand in the direction of the _____ beam
primary
58
limits the amount of radiation
collimation
59
What part of the x-ray tube has the following: Tungsten filament (source of electrons) Concave molybdenium bowl (focusing cup)
Cathode (-)
60
smallest particle of an element having the characteristics of the element
atom
61
Maximum dose will generally be in line with the primary beam as it ______ the patient
exits
62
The high voltage circuit has a current of _______ and _______ rays
electrons ; cathode
63
Upon reaching tungsten target: kinetic energy --> x-rays = ____% kinetic energy --> heat = _____%
x-rays = 1% heat = 99%
64
What patient protection? They should be used whenever possible Reduce the number of repetitions
Receptor holding devices
65
There is ____ defined dose limit for patients
NO
66
Who revolutionized the diagnostic resources in the medical and dental fields in 1895
Wilhelm Röntgen

Oral Radiology Midterm (6 decks)

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