Review questions Flashcards
(36 cards)
You are presented with a cow with pitting edema of the brisket and distended jugular veins. No jugular pulse is present. Which of the following represents the most likely diagnosis?
a) Traumatic pericarditis with cardiac tamponade
b) Congestive heart failure following ionophore toxicity
c) Right AV valve insufficiency
d) High altitude disease
e) Ventricular septal defect
Traumatic pericarditis with cardiac tamponade
Ventral subcutaneous edema is least likely to be caused by:
a) Decrease oncotic pressure
b) Increased hydrostatic pressure
c) Bladder rupture
d) Increased capillary permeability following generalized vasculitis
e) Chronic congestive heart failure
Bladder rupture
Diagnosis of traumatic pericarditis is best made by which of the following
a) Loud heart sounds; heart rate >100; leukocytosis
b) Heart rate >100; “washing machine sounds” on cardiac auscultation; distended jugular veins
c) Heart rate >100; “washing machine sounds” on cardiac auscultation; presence of fluid in pericardium on ultrasound
d) Heart rate >100; “washing machine sounds” on cardiac auscultation; presence of fibrin cranial to reticulum
e) Heart rate >100; “washing machine sounds” on cardiac auscultation; evidence of foreign body in reticulum on xrays
Heart rate >100; “washing machine sounds” on cardiac auscultation; presence of fluid in pericardium on ultrasound
(Seeing fluid is more diagnostic)
The most common congenital cardiac abnormality in calves is which of the following
a) Ventricular septal defect
b) Overriding aorta
c) Persistent aortic arch
d) Fallot’s tetrolagy
e) Pulmonary stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
Which of the following statements is false?
a) Black leg can cause a necrotizing myocarditis
b) Lymphosarcoma can occur in the right atrium of adult cattle
c) Vegetative endocarditis caused by Trueperalla pyogenes usually affects the left AV valve
d) Vit E difficiency is associated with “Mulberry heart disease” in pigs
e) Gossypol is a potential cardiac toxin
Vegetative endocarditis caused by Trueperalla pyogenes usually affects the left AV valve
(Right AV is more commonly involve)
Which of the following statements is false?
a) High altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH) is due to chronic alveolar hypoxia
b) Atrial fibrillation is sometimes associated with abomasal displacement
c) HAPH has a genetic predisposition
d) Hyper-gammaglobulinemia; Increased WCC, mature neutrophilia are indicators of a chronic bacteremia
e) Heart rates below 100 is non-significant for disease
Heart rates below 100 is non-significant for disease
A cow (body condition score 4.5) with an RDA which is severely dehydrated, hypocalcemic and hypokalemic (1.9mEq/L – normal 3.8-5) and ketotic and has a blood pH of 7.28 and high anion gap is best treated with which of the following?
a) 20l iv fluids (.9 % Saline) and bicarb; 2x 500ml 50% dextrose; KCl at 20mEq/L and 750 ml Ca IV
b) 20l iv poly-ionic, isotonic fluids; 2x 500ml 50% dextrose; 20mg dexamethasone; KCl at 20mEq/L and 750 ml Ca IV
c) 1liter hypertonic saline; 20l iv (.9% saline + 2.5% dextrose); 1 x 500ml 50% dextrose; KCl at 20mEq/L; 150g KCL orally and 750 ml Ca IV
d) 1liter hypertonic saline; 20l iv (.9% saline + 2.5% dextrose); KCl at 20mEq/L; 20mg dexamethasone, 150g KCL orally and 750 ml Ca IV
e) 1liter hypertonic saline; 1 x 500ml 50% dextrose bolus then CRI fluids (.9% saline + 2.5% dextrose); KCl at 20mEq/L; 150g KCL orally and 750 ml Ca IV and insulin CRI
1liter hypertonic saline; 1 x 500ml 50% dextrose bolus then CRI fluids (.9% saline + 2.5% dextrose); KCl at 20mEq/L; 150g KCL orally and 750 ml Ca IV and insulin CRI
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a) Low ionized calcium concentration in pregnancy toxemia in sheep is partly caused by the increased blood pH
b) Hypocalcemia in cows commonly occur during the first 2 weeks post calving
c) Hyperglycemia in pregnancy toxemia in sheep is associated with insulin resistance due to high endogenous steroid release
d) Induction of pregnancy with steroids and prostaglandin is not the best treatment option for a sheep suffering from severe ketoacidosis
e) Pregnancy toxemia in sheep typically occurs in the last 3-4 weeks prior to lambing
Low ionized calcium concentration in pregnancy toxemia in sheep is partly caused by the increased blood pH
Which of the following cannot be used as a precursor of glucose in ruminants?
a) Amino acids
b) Non-esterified fatty acids
c) Glycerol
d) Propionic acid
e) Propylene glycol
Non-esterified fatty acids
Which of the following does not cause lipolysis through activation of hormone sensitive lipase?
a) Insulin
b) Growth hormone
c) Endogenous glucocorticoids
d) Glucagon
e) Injectable semisynthetic steroids
Insulin
Cause lipogenesis - protective
A low “physiologic” level of ketone bodies is always present in the bloodstream of a cow. These ketone bodies are mainly derived from which of the following?
a) Propionic acid
b) Lactic acid
c) Acetic acid & buteric acid
d) Betahydroxybuterate & Acetone
e) Non-esterified fatty acids
Acetic acid & buteric acid
What is the main beneficial effect of steroids as part of the treatment of ketosis in cattle?
a) It stimulates food intake
b) It induces gluconeogenesis
c) It reduces milk production
d) It stimulates NEFA production
e) It activates hormone sensitive lipase
It reduces milk production
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a) The dietary cation/anion difference of dairy cows on primarily forage during the dry period will increase the incidence of milk fever
b) Addition of anions to the diet will increase the absorption of calcium from both the gut and bone
c) Ionized calcium levels will decrease in the face of a metabolic alkalosis
d) PTH does not play a role in the conservation of magnesium
e) Subclinical hypocalcemia may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of abomasal displacement
PTH does not play a role in the conservation of magnesium
PTH will cause resorption of magnesium in the kidney
From the following select why cows are more prone to the development of fatty liver; The liver has:
a) Not enough Oxaloacetate
b) Too much Acetyl-coenzyme A
c) Low ketone production capacity
d) Insufficient apo-lipoprotein production capacity
e) Relatively small size
Insufficient apo-lipoprotein production capacity
Ketosis is often a secondary problem associated with subacute rumen acidosis. Signs include decrease in both milk production and milk fat. From the following select the reason for the decreased milk fat:
a) There is a progressive decrease in acetate production in the rumen
b) Ketone bodies blocks the role of butyric acid in lactogenesis
c) There is a linear relationship between milk production and the amount of butter fat in the milk
d) It is a protective mechanism to prevent the cow from losing too much weight
e) Dietary fat content in the ration is too low
There is a progressive decrease in acetate production in the rumen
Regarding the treatment of pregnancy toxemia which of the following combinations would be best for a ewe still moving around but not eating
a) C-section; IV glucose; oral propylene glycol
b) Induce with steroids; IV glucose; rumen fluid
c) Induce with steroids; IV glucose; oral propylene glycol
d) C section; IV insulin; oral propylene glycol
e) C-section; IV insulin; IV glucose; rumen fluid
C-section; IV insulin; IV glucose; rumen fluid
Which of the following is the best diagnostic test/procedure for fatty liver in cattle or sheep?
a) GGT
b) AST
c) BUN
d) Biopsy
e) Bilirubin
Biopsy
You are presented with a down cow in the field. Which of the following signs will be most indicative of milk fever?
a) Complete rumen atony
b) Rectum filled with feces
c) Rapid (>100) and soft heart sounds
d) Extremities cold to the touch
e) Reduced lower jaw tone
Rapid (>100) and soft heart sounds
Which of the following is most correct?
a) Feeding alfalfa prior to calving will reduce the amount of calcium in the blood at calving
b) Grass hay is a good source of calcium
c) Magnesium act as a calcium canal blocker in the body
d) Low blood magnesium is associated with low intracellular calcium
e) Nitrogen fertilizer on pasture will not reduce the amount of bioavailable magnesium in the rumen
Magnesium act as a calcium canal blocker in the body
Which clinical sign from the list below is most indicative of hypomagnesemia?
a) Loud, rapid heart sounds; muscle tremors
b) Rapid breathing with upper respiratory stridor
c) Rumen atony and mild free gas bloat
d) Increased rectal temp, hypersensitivity
e) Seizure activity, opisthotonus; normal heart rate
Loud, rapid heart sounds; muscle tremors
From the following select the most effective treatment to prevent pregnancy toxemia in sheep?
a) Identify triplet carrying sheep and feed separately
b) Feed only roughage prior to lambing
c) Determine liver Mg levels and supplement Mg
d) Feed extra potassium
e) Make sure all sheep body condition score is 4.5 – 5.0
Identify triplet carrying sheep and feed separately
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a) Relative metabolic alkalosis increases the affinity of osteoclast receptors for PTH
b) PTH will decrease the renal excretion of Mg in cases of hypomagnesemia
c) One reason why older cows are more susceptible to develop milk fever is reduction in osteoclast receptors
d) The DCAD diet can indirectly stimulate PTH activity by causing a slight metabolic acidosis
e) Calcium is primarily absorbed through the duodenum via calcium binding protein
Relative metabolic alkalosis increases the affinity of osteoclast receptors for PTH
Which of the following is not a consistent sign of hypomagnesemia?
a) Bellowing
b) Incoordination
c) Opisthotonus
d) Tongue paralysis
e) Loud fast heart beat
Tongue paralysis
How many bottles of 500ml of 50% dextrose needs to be added to 20liters saline to make a 5% solution?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
e) 10
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