REVIEW SESSION Flashcards
(46 cards)
What type of experiment did McKay do and what was the result of his experiment? What did this finding lead to?
The unattended ear got bias information. Like money or river.
He believed that these unattended words must still be processed w meaning.
Therefore, this led to development of Late Selection models of attention praising that most incoming info is processed to the level of meaning before message to be processed is selected.
What are 2 early selection models? Why are they considered this?
Broadbents filter model and Treismans attenuator model of attention.
Filter operates at an early stage in the flow of information.
Stroop effect is an example of a task irrelevant stimuli.
Why is it so difficult to name the color of the block?
Bc reading is highly practiced and automatic.
WHAT IS load theory of attention
, there’s processing capacity left in the brain so the person slows down to respond to the irrelevant stimulus.
You are more likely to be distracted during low load task.
Describe Schneider and Shiffrins model.
What type of attention does it involve?
How did they carry this experiment out?
What did they learn?
Involved divided attention.
Requires subjects to carry out 2 tasks simultaneously: 1) Hold onto info about target stimuli in memory and 2) pay attention to series of “Distractor stimulus” and determine whether the target from #1 is among them.
***Divided Attention can be achieved with practice (Automatizing).
Strayer and Johnson did what type of experiment? What did they find? What’s the reason this is dangerous? How many more times is it dangerous for truck drivers to text and drive?
Subjects missed twice as many red lights while talking on phone whether it was hands free or not.
The problem is not driving with one hand but there are fewer cognitive resources.
23 more times.
What does the Stroop effect demonstrate in how powerful task irrelevant stimulus is?
The Stroop effect demonstrates how powerful task irrelevant stimulus such as meaningful words, can compete and distract.
What does in attentional blindness and change blindness experiments provide evidence to?
That without focused attention we may fail to perceive things that are clearly visible on the field of view.
Whose model of attention first allowed testable predictions about selective attention?
Broadbent’s early selection model
Describe Treismans attenuator model of attention.
What did her attenuator replace in Broadbent’s model?
Treisman had two stages of selection AND she replaced Broadbent’s filter with an attenuator.
The attenuator analyzes incoming message in terms of 1 physical characteristics such as pitch, and how high or low fast and slow, 2 language i.e. syllables and words and 3 meaning.
The Dictionary Unit has a threshold that captures your attention.
What can be used to separate a message in Treismans model?
Language and meaning can be used to separate a message.
At a physical level it is adequate to separate low and high. However, similar voices may be necessary to use meaning to separate two messages.
Treisman’s Attenuator replaced Broadbent’s filter, but what does the Attenuator analyze when it’s necessary to identify the attended message? Hint- 3 things.
1) Physical characteristics
2) Language
3) Meaning
Which brain area is activated when the phonological loop is being used?
Broca’s area. (production and meaning of words).
Define episodic memories, procedural memories, and semantic memories.
Which is explicit and implicit?
Episodic memories are long-term memories and experiences from the past.
Procedural memory has to do with muscle coordination and is a long-term memory.
Semantic memory is memories of facts such as address for a birthday or names of objects.
How long is short-term memory
15-20 seconds
What are the three types of memory proposed by Richard Shiffrin and Richard Atkinson? What are the time amounts for each?
- Sensory memory is an initial stage that holds all incoming info for seconds.
- Short-term memory holds 5 to 7 items for about 15 to 20 seconds.
- Long-term memory can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades.
Expert video game players show a decrease in performance in high load condition, why is this?
*hint: flanker compatability task
Because expert video game players have Extra cognitive space due to their speed of finding a target in a visual stimulation, they are able to find a target so quickly they are able to still process the flanker distractor. This slows them down.
What did Peterson and Peterson conclude after their experiment?
They believed that memory simply decayed after some time because the group could only retain about 12% after 18 seconds.
How did Keppel and Underwood redesign Peterson and Peterson’s experiment to come up with a different explanation for that memory decay?
Memory became worse after a few trials. Keppel and underwood suggested that the drop off the memory was not due to a decay of memory over time as Peterson and Peterson proposed, but to proactive interference.
Explain proactive interference and retroactive interference when explaining Keppel and Underwood’s explanation.
Proactive interference = previously learned info interferes with new information.
Retroactive interference = new learning interferes with remembering old learning.
What type of interference is cramming for an exam?
Proactive interference - stuff from the beginning interferes with end stuff
Explain Baddeleys working model memory.
Phonological loop (and it’s 2 parts).
Visual Spatial Sketchpad
Central Executive and it’s functions.
What’s an example using driving and getting directions?
The phonological loop holds verbal and audio information.
Phonological loop has two components: The first is phonological store which has the limited capacity and hold information for just a few seconds.
Second is articulatory rehearsal which keep items in the store from decaying.
The visual spatial sketchpad holds visual and spatial information. For example solving a puzzle or finding a way around campus.
The central executive in the center and pulls information from long-term memory. It manipulates information from the two subsystems, and integrates them to be used how they’re supposed to be used. It has higher order reasoning aspects, integration of information, attention and directing attention, planning, decision-making, and inhibition which inhibits irrelevant information presented but you don’t want to attenuate to, and retrieval which could access the long-term memory.
Example) I’m driving - my phonological loop is taking verbal directions from my friend who sitting in the passenger seat. Visual spatial sketchpad helps me visualize the map in my brain. The central executive coordinates these two bits of information. It also helps me pay attention as well as ignore the radio which is a distraction.
How is working memory is more than just short-term memory using the working memory model? Hint- 3 specific things that uses WM.
Word Length Effect- We see this effect because longer words are getting in the way of our rehearsal capacity. It takes us longer to hold long words. Not about number of items of words, but amount of information.
Articulatory suppression – distraction that takes away processing resources that takes away from the same place that you were doing the same task i.e. it’s competing for the exact same cognitive resources. Speaking “the the the” prevents you from rehearsing items.
Phonological similarity – more difficulty holding items that have the same phonological characteristics for example thespian theater and so on. F and S/X even though F looks more like E. The mistakes that are made are based on the letter sounds.
What does ERP’s (event related potential) measure?
It measures how many items somebody is holding in there working memory.
