Review Study Guide: Miltenberger Chapter 4 - Reinforcement

Question 1

When a person has just had a large amount of a reinforcer, will the reinforcer be more or less effective at that time?
______

What is this process called?
_______

Answer 1

less
satiation

Question 2

In the Premack principle, the opportunity to engage in a(n) ______ is used as a reinforcer for a low probability behavior.

Answer 2

High probability behavior

Question 3

When a person has not experienced a reinforcer for a long time, will the reinforcer be more or less effective? _____

What is this process called? ______

Answer 3

more
deprivation

Question 4

A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered after X number of responses is a

Answer 4

fixed ratio

Question 5

 In _______ reinforcement, a stimulus is removed following the behavior to strengthen the behavior.

Answer 5

negative

Question 6

A(n) ______ is a behavior strengthened through the process of reinforcement.

Answer 6

operant

Question 7

______   is the researcher who first demonstrated the Law of Effect.​

Hint: last name only

Answer 7

Thorndike

Question 8

In reinforcement, a stimulus is presented following the behavior to strengthen the behavior.

Answer 8

positive

Question 9

A(n) ______ schedule of reinforcement is used when a person is learning a new behavior.

Answer 9

continuous

Question 10

A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered after X number of responses on the average is a

Answer 10

variable ratio

Question 11

A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered for the first response occurring after X amount of time is a

Answer 11

fixed interval

Question 12

A(n) _____ increases the potency of a reinforcer.​

Hint: be specific

Answer 12

establishing operation

Question 13

In Skinner’s experiments, a rat pressed a lever and received food. This process strengthened lever pressing. The food is a(n) _____.

The lever pressing is a(n) ______.

The process is called ______.

Answer 13

reinforcer
behavior
positive reinforcement

Question 14

The consequence that strengthens an operant behavior is a(n)

Answer 14

reinforcer

Question 15

A reinforcer works best when it follows the behavior immediately.​

True
False

Answer 15

True

Question 16

In behavior modification, reinforcement is defined by its effect on behavior. This is referred to as:​

an operational definition
the Premack Principle
a functional definition
a unique relationship

Answer 16

a functional definition

Question 17

Tobias pets a strange dog and is immediately bitten. In behavior modification, getting bitten is referred to as the __________ for the behavior of petting the dog.​

reinforcement
antecedent
punishment
consequence

Answer 17

consequence

Question 18

Whenever Makayla makes a 3-point shot, her basketball coach makes her run one less lap in practice. As a result Makayla is more likely to hit 3-point shots. This is an example of:​

respondent behavior
the Premack Principle
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement

Answer 18

negative reinforcement

Question 19

In negative reinforcement, an aversive stimulus is removed following the behavior and the behavior is more likely to occur in the future.​

True
False

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Maya takes out the garbage and, as a result, her parents let her watch her favorite television show. Maya is then more likely to take out the garbage when asked. Being able to watch her favorite television show is a _______ for her behavior of taking out the garbage.​

reinforcer
​contingency
​dependent variable
reinforcement

Answer 20

reinforcer

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a question to ask when trying to decide whether a situation represents positive or negative reinforcement?​
What is the behavior?

Was the stimulus added or removed?
Was the behavior more likely to occur?
Did the stimulus appear to be pleasant?

Answer 21

Did the stimulus appear to be pleasant?

Question 22

Nicole’s teacher praises her for every math problem that she completes. This is an example of a(n) reinforcement schedule.​

​intermittent
interval
continuous
​fixed

Answer 22

continuous

Question 23

If an aversive stimulus is removed following the behavior, the behavior is less likely to occur in the future.​

True
False

Answer 23

False

Question 24

Which of the following influences the effectiveness of reinforcement?​

establishing operations
contingency
all of these
​immediacy

Answer 24

all of these

Question 25

If a positive reinforcer is delivered following the behavior, the behavior is more likely to occur in the future.​

True
False

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Negative reinforcement decreases a behavior in the future.​

True
False

Answer 26

False

Question 27

Money is an example of a(n):​

conditioned stimulus
conditioned reinforcer
unconditioned reinforcer
unconditioned stimulus

Answer 27

conditioned reinforcer

Question 28

The stimulus presented following the behavior in positive reinforcement is called:​

a conditioned stimulus
a negative reinforcer
​a positive reinforcer
an aversive stimulus

Answer 28

​a positive reinforcer

Question 29

Abdallah answers a question in class, and is praised by the teacher.  As a result, Abdallah is more likely to answer questions in class. Abdallah’s behavior of answering questions in class is referred to as ________ behavior.​

natural
situational
controlled
operant

Answer 29

operant

Question 30

Timothy is just learning to read. Which reinforcement schedule would be the most effective for him?​

​intermittent
​interval
continuous
fixed

Answer 30

continuous

Question 31

 In a Fixed Ratio schedule, a reinforcer is delivered after X number of responses on the average.

True
False

Answer 31

False

Question 32

 An object or event that can be detected by the senses is referred to as a:​

reinforcer
punisher
behavior
stimulus

Answer 32

stimulus

Question 33

Which of the following processes strengthen a behavior?

(Select all that apply.)

positive reinforcement
negative punishment
negative reinforcement
positive ​punishment

Answer 33

positive and negative reinforcement

Question 34

An intermittent schedule of reinforcement is most effective for ______ a behavior.

​maintaining
changing
learning
all of these

Answer 34

​maintaining

Question 35

Beth has been hiking in the desert all day and, as a result, is dying for a glass of water. The increase in the reinforcing value of water due to hiking in the desert is referred to as:​

conditioning
reinforcement
​satiation
deprivation

Answer 35

deprivation

Question 36

 A telemarketer has to make a certain number of calls before a sale is made. However, the telemarketer does not know the exact number of calls that will be required in order to make a sale. This is an example of a _______ schedule of reinforcement:​

variable ratio
fixed interval
variable interval
fixed ratio

Answer 36

variable ratio

Question 37

On weekends, Lorelei comes home on time so that she is not grounded by her parents. Coming home on time in order to avoid being grounded is an example of:​

positive reinforcement
punishment
escape behavior
avoidance behavior

Answer 37

avoidance behavior

Question 38

Andrew wants to play baseball with his friends. Before Andrew can play, his parents tell him that he has to clean his room, which he hates to do. Requiring Andrew to clean his room before he can play baseball with his friends is an example of:​

escape behavior
negative reinforcement
punishment
the Premack Principle

Answer 38

the Premack Principle

Question 39

Kai swears whenever his mom makes broccoli for dinner. Kai’s mom always sends him to his room without dinner when he swears. As a result, Kai is more likely to swear when his mom makes broccoli. This is an example of:

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
extinction
punishment

Answer 39

negative reinforcement