Review Topics.

Question 1

process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

Answer 1

natural selection

Question 2

process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable or behavioral traits

Answer 2

evolution theory

Question 3

trait with a current functional role in the life of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection

Answer 3

adaptation

Question 4

groups of individuals belonging to the same species that live in the same region at the same time

Answer 4

population

Question 5

the set of all genes or genetic information in any population usually of a particular species

Answer 5

gene pool

Question 6

features that often have different functions but are structurally similar because of common ancestry

Answer 6

homology/homologous structures

Question 7

the breeding of plants and animals to produce desireable traits

Answer 7

artificial selection

Question 8

based on variation in alleles of the genes in a gene pool. Occurs both within and among populations, supported by individual carriers of the variant genes

Answer 8

gene variation

Question 9

a permanent, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene or a chromosome, the process in which such a change occurs in a gene or in a chromosome

Answer 9

mutation

Question 10

allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences

Answer 10

hardy-weinberg principle

Question 11

chance events can cause allele frequencies to flucutate unpredictably from one generation to the next

Answer 11

genetic drift

Question 12

catastrophies leaving a small surviving population unlikely to have the same genetic makeup as the original, leaving small population

Answer 12

bottleneck effect

Question 13

genetic drift is likely when a few individuals colonize an island or other new habitat this is what is produced

Answer 13

founder effect

Question 14

a population may gain or lose alleles when fertile individuals move into or out of population when gametes are transferred between populations

Answer 14

gene flow

Question 15

the contribution of an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of the other individuals

Answer 15

relative fitness

Question 16

stabilizing selection

Answer 16

favors intermediate phenotypes

Question 17

directional selection

Answer 17

shifts overall makeup of the population by acting against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes

Question 18

disruptive stabilization

Answer 18

typically occurs when environmental conditions vary in a way that favors individuals at both ends of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes

Question 19

form of natural selection in which individuals with certain traits are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

Answer 19

sexual selection

Question 20

occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population

Answer 20

balancing selection

Question 21

type of balancing selection which heterozygous individuals have greater reproductive sucesses than either type of homozygote, with the result that two or more alleles for a gene are maintained in the population

Answer 21

heterozygote advantage

Question 22

frequency dependent selection

Answer 22

type of balancing selection maintains two different phenotypic forms in a population

Question 23

the process by which one species splits into two or more

Answer 23

speciation

Question 24

define a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

Answer 24

biological species concept

Question 25

prevents genetic exchange and maintains a boundary between species

Answer 25

reproductive isolation

Question 26

pairs of distinct species that occasionally interbreed

Answer 26

hybrids

Question 27

most organisms classification is based mainly on physical traits such as shape, size and other features of morphology

Answer 27

morphological species concept

Question 28

identifies species in terms of their ecological niches focusing on unique adaptations to particular roles in a biological community

Answer 28

ecological species concept

Question 29

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and thus form one branch on the tree

Answer 29

phylogenetic species concept

Question 30

prevent mating or fertilization between species

Answer 30

prezygotic barriers

Question 31

operates after hybrid zygotes have formed

Answer 31

postzygotic barriers

Question 32

the initial block to gene flow that may come from a geographic barrier that isolates a population

Answer 32

allopatric speciation

Question 33

a new species arises within the same geographic area as its parent species

Answer 33

sympatric speciation

Question 34

evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor

Answer 34

adaptive radiation

Question 35

describe long periods of little apparent morphological change interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change

Answer 35

punctuated equilibria

Question 36

developed on the sequence and ages of rocks and fossils

Answer 36

geologic record

Question 37

the end of an organism or a group of organisms, normally a species, the moment is generally considered the death of last individual

Answer 37

extinction

Question 38

rapid and disruptive environmental change that a majority of the species were swept away in a relatively short period of time

Answer 38

mass extinction

Question 39

mutation,migration, genetic drift and natural selection

Answer 39

mechanisms of macroevolution

Question 40

studying how slight genetic changes become magnified into major morphological differences between species

Answer 40

evo devo

Question 41

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

Answer 41

phylogeny

Question 42

a discipline of biology that focuses on classifying the organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

Answer 42

systematics

Question 43

use of molecular genetics to study the evolution of relationships among individuals and species

Answer 43

molecular systematics

Question 44

taxonomic rank

Answer 44

class

Question 45

group of closely related species

Answer 45

genus

Question 46

species from a lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that inclueds the species we are studying

Answer 46

outgroup

Question 47

the adoption of the simplest explaination for observed phenomena

Answer 47

parsimony

Question 48

a method that estimates the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change

Answer 48

molecular clock

Question 49

a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area

Answer 49

population

Question 50

concerned with changes in a population size and the factors that regulate populations over time

Answer 50

population ecology

Question 51

number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume

Answer 51

population density

Question 52

clumped dispersion pattern

Answer 52

individuals grouped into patches, most common in nature

Question 53

uniform dispersion pattern

Answer 53

even dispersion, form from interactions between individuals of a population

Question 54

random dispersion

Answer 54

individuals in a population are spaced in a unpredictable way without a pattern

Question 55

plot survivorship as the proportion of individuals from an initial population that are alive at each age

Answer 55

survivorship curve