Reviewer

Question 1

Define Cell Divison

Answer 1

the process in which one cell, called the parent cell, divides to form two new cells, referred as daughter cells.

Question 2

What are the two cell types?

Answer 2

Prokaryotes - single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes - organisms that have cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Question 3

What are all the stages of mitosis

Answer 3

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Question 4

Mitosis:

What is interphase?

Answer 4

• longest stage of the cell cycle

this is when the cell grows and copies its DNA. During mitosis, chromosomes will align seperate and move into new daughter cells.

Question 5

Mitosis:

What is Gap 1?

Answer 5

normal cell functions

cell growth

Question 6

What is synthesis?

Answer 6

DNA synthesis and chromosome replication

chromatids joined by centromere

Question 7

Mitosis:

What is Gap 2?

Answer 7

Cell growth and RNA and protein synthesis

Produce molecules need for mitosis

Microtubules assembly

Organelles duplicated

Question 8

What is prophase?

Answer 8

Prophase is when chromatin condenses into chromosomes

the nucleolus dissapears.

Question 9

What happens during the metaphase?

Answer 9

Chromosomes line up along metaphase plate (imaginary plane)

Question 10

What happens during Mitotic Phase M-Phase?

Answer 10

Cell division starts to occur which consists of nuclear division (mitosis) followed by cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). The DNA is replicated in the preceding S phase; the two copies of each replicated chromosome (called sister chromatids) remain glued together by cohesins.

Question 11

What is happening during the Prometaphase

Answer 11

nuclear membrane breaks down

Question 12

What happens in the kinetochore microtubules

Answer 12

it invades nuclear space, and attaches to kinetochores

Question 13

What do the polar microtubules do?

Answer 13

They push against each other, moving centrosomes apart.

Question 14

What happens during the Anaphase?

Answer 14

Chromosomes break at centromeres and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell.

Question 15

What happens in the metaphase

Answer 15

In the metaphase, chromosomes start to line up along.

Question 16

What is happening in Telophase & Cytokinesis?

Answer 16

The nuclear membrane reforms, nucleoli reappear, and chromosomes unwind into chromatin.

Question 17

What is happening during the Anaphase?

Answer 17

the fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.

Question 18

How are living organisms distinguished?

Answer 18

They are distinguished by being able to reproduce their own kind.

Question 19

What is Genetics?

Answer 19

The scientific study of heredity and variation

Question 20

What is heredity?

Answer 20

Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Question 21

How is variation demonstrated?

Answer 21

It is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings

Question 22

What are genes?

Answer 22

Genes are the units of heredity, and are made up of segment of dna

Question 23

What are gamates?

Answer 23

A gamete is a reproductive cell of an animal or plant.

Question 24

What is a locus?

Answer 24

The physical site or location of a specific gene on a chromosome.

Question 25

How many pairs of chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

Answer 25

they have 23 pairs of chromosomes

Question 26

Define what a karyotype is?

Answer 26

It is an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell.

Question 27

What are the two chromosomes in each pair called?

Answer 27

They are called homologous chromosomes, or homologs

Question 28

What are the sex chromosomes called?

Answer 28

they are called X and Y

Question 29

Which gender has a homologous pair of XX

Answer 29

females

Question 30

Which gender has a homologous pair of XY

Answer 30

males

Question 31

define autosome

Answer 31

Autosomes are 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex.

Question 32

How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?

Answer 32

46 chromosomes two sets: father: 23 mother: 23

Question 33

how many sets of chromosomes do diploid cells have?

Answer 33

two sets of chromosomes

Question 34

how many sets of chromosomes does a gamate have?

Answer 34

it contains a single set of chromosomes

Question 35

What is fertilization

Answer 35

it is the union of gametes (the sperm and the egg)

Question 36

What is called a zygote?

Answer 36

A fertilized egg is called a zygote and has one set of chromosomes from each parent

Question 37

What does a zygote produce?

Answer 37

it produces somatic cells by mitosis and develops into an adult.

Question 38

Where does Meiosis take place?

Answer 38

It takes place in two sets of cell divisions, called meisosis 1 and meiosis 2

Question 39

what happens in the first cell division (miosis 1)

Answer 39

Homologous chromosomes seperate.

Question 40

What happens in the second cell division (meiosis 2)

Answer 40

Sister chromatid seperate.

Question 41

What preceded by Meiosis 1

Answer 41

chromosomes are replicated to form sister chromatids. the sister chromatids are genetically identical and joined at the centromere the single centrosome replicates, which forms two centrosomes.

Question 42

What are the divisions of meiosis 1

Answer 42

there are four phases them being: - Prophase 1 - Metaphase 1 - Anaphase 1 - Telophase 1 and cytokinesis

Question 43

What happens in synapsis

Answer 43

Homologous chromosomes loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene.

Question 44

What happens in crossing over?

Answer 44

nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments each pair of chromosomes form a tetrad, a group of four chromatids

Question 45

what is metaphase 1?

Answer 45

metaphase 1 is when tetrads line up at the metaphase plate, with one chromosome facing each pole.

Question 46

Anaphase 1

Answer 46

in anaphase 1, pairs of homologous chromosomes seperate, one chromosome moves toward each pole, guided by the spindle apparatus.

Question 47

What is telophase 1 and cytokinesis

Answer 47

telophase 1: each half of the cell has a halpoid set of chromosomes; each chromosome still consists of two chromatids cytokinesis: usually occurs simultaneously, forming two haploid daughter cells.

Question 48

what are the divisions of meiosis 2?

Answer 48

there are four phases: - prophase 2 -metaphase 2 anaphase 2 telephase 2 and cytokinesis

Question 49

what occurs in prophase 2

Answer 49

a spinde appartus forms, in the late prophase 2, chromosomes (each still composed of two chromatids) move toward the metaphase plate.

Question 50

what occurs in metaphase 2

Answer 50

In metaphase II, the sister chromatids are arranged at the metaphase plate Because of crossing over in meiosis I, the two sister chromatids of each chromosome are no longer genetically identical

Question 51

what occurs in anaphase 2

Answer 51

in anaphase 2, the sister chromatids seperate, the sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles

Question 52

what occurs in telophase 2 and cytokinesis

Answer 52

telophase 2: the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles nuclei form, and the chromosomes begin decondensing cytokenesis: at the end of meiosis there are four daughter cells each with haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes each daughter cell is genetically distinct from the other and from the parent cell.