Revision

Question 1

List the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.

Answer 1

• superior longitudinal
• inferior longitudinal
• transverse
• vertical

Question 2

Which nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 2

CNXII - hypoglossal nerve

Question 3

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue affect?

Answer 3

The size and shape of the tongue.

Question 4

What roles are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue involved in facilitating?

Answer 4

• speech
• eating
• swallowing

Question 5

List the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

Answer 5

• genioglossus
• hyoglossus
• styloglossus
• palatoglossus

Question 6

Which nerves innervate the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 6

CNXII (hypoglossal) except for palatoglossus which is innervated by CNX (vagus).

Question 7

List some structures found on the anterior 2/3s of the tongue.

Answer 7

• fungiform papillae
• foliate papillae
• filiform papillae
• vallate papillae

Question 8

Which nerve supplies general sensation to the anterior 2/3s of the tongue?

Answer 8

Lingual nerve which is a branch of mandibular branch of CNV (trigeminal nerve).

Question 9

Which nerve supplies taste from anterior 2/3s of the tongue?

Answer 9

Chorda tympani branch of CNVII (facial nerve).

Question 10

Which nerve supplies touch and taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Answer 10

CNIX (glossopharyngeal nerve).

Question 11

Where do the lymphatics of the tongue drain to?

Answer 11

The deep cervical nodes

Question 12

Which arteries supply the tongue?

Answer 12

• the lingual artery which is a branch of the external carotid artery
• the tonsillar artery which is a branch of the facial artery

Question 13

Which vein supplies the tongue?

Answer 13

The lingual vein

Question 14

What does the foremen caecum signify?

Answer 14

The origin of the thyroid gland.

Question 15

List the five primary tastes which can be detected by taste buds.

Answer 15

1. Sour
2. Salty
3. Sweet
4. Bitter
5. Savoury/umami

Question 16

Other than taste, what other sensory inputs can be detected by the tongue?

Answer 16

• pungency
• coolness
• fattiness
• temperature
• texture

Question 17

What are the four distinct layers of the GI tract?

Answer 17

1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis propria/externa
4. Adventitia/serosa

Question 18

Which three components make up mucosa of the GI tract?

Answer 18

1. Epithelium
2. Lamina propria
3. Muscularis mucosae

Question 19

What type of tissue makes up the submucosa of the GI tract?

Answer 19

Loose, collagenous connective tissue.

Question 20

What does the submucosa of the GI tract contain?

Answer 20

Larger blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.

Question 21

Which type of muscle is found in the muscularis propria?

Answer 21

Smooth muscle

Question 22

How is the smooth muscle of the muscularis propria usually arranged?

Answer 22

An inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.

Question 23

Which organ has a third, oblique, layer of the muscularis propria?

Answer 23

The stomach.

Question 24

What type of tissue makes up the adventitia of the GI tract?

Answer 24

Fibrous connective tissue.

Question 25

What does the adventitia of the GI tract contain?

Answer 25

Major vessels, nerves and variable adipose tissue.

Question 26

Which type of epithelium is found in the oesophagus?

Answer 26

Non keratinising, stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 27

Which type of epithelium is found throughout the GI tract (after the oesophagus)?

Answer 27

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 28

Which areas of the GI tract have villi?

Answer 28

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

Question 29

Where are Meissner’s plexuses found?

Answer 29

In the submucosa

Question 30

Where are the myenteric/Auerbach plexuses found?

Answer 30

Between the two layers of muscularis propria

Question 31

What are the four basic mucosal types found in the GI tract?

Answer 31

1. Protective 2. Secretory 3. Absorptive 4. Absorptive/protective

Question 32

In the GI tract, where is protective mucosa found?

Answer 32

Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal

Question 33

What is the surface epithelium of protective mucosa?

Answer 33

Non keratinising, stratified squamous

Question 34

In the GI tract, where is secretory mucosa found?

Answer 34

Stomach

Question 35

Which structures make up the secretory mucosa of the stomach?

Answer 35

Long, closely packed tubular glands.

Question 36

In the GI tract, where is absorptive mucosa found?

Answer 36

The small intestine

Question 37

Which histological feature differentiates the duodenum from the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 37

Brunner’s glands.

Question 38

Where do Brunner’s glands extend to?

Answer 38

From mucosa to submucosa

Question 39

What is the purpose of Brunner’s glands?

Answer 39

To secrete bicarbonate ions to neutralise stomach acid

Question 40

In the GI tract, where is absorptive/protective mucosa found?

Answer 40

Large intestine

Question 41

In the large intestine cells are specialised for…

Answer 41

Water absorption

Question 42

Why are mucous secreting goblet cells found in the large intestine?

Answer 42

To lubricate the passage of faeces.

Question 43

In the GI tract, where are Peyer’s patches found?

Answer 43

Mucosa

Question 44

What are Peyer’s patches?

Answer 44

Lymphoid follicles which form part of the immune function of GI tract to prevent the growth of dangerous bacteria.