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biology paper 1 > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes types of disease

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2
Q

What is a Protist example

A

Malaria (caused by plasmodium)

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3
Q

What is a Virus example?

A

AIDS caused by HIV (the pathogen)

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4
Q

What is a bacteria example?

A

Gonorrhoea (yellow discharge from genitalia)

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5
Q

What is a fungi example?

A

Athletes foot

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6
Q

What are Bacteria?

A

Very small living cells that produce toxins

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7
Q

What is a virus?

A

Viruses are not cells but smaller and reproduce rapidly inside your body

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8
Q

What is a Protist?

A

Protists are single-celled Eukaryotes
Can be transferred by a vector

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9
Q

What is a fungi?

A

Some are single-celled others have a body made up of hyphae can produce spores and cause diseases

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10
Q

Proteins to Amino acids

A

Protease

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11
Q

Fats (lipids) to Fatty acids and glycerol

A

Lipase

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12
Q

Starch to Maltose

A

Amylase

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13
Q

Test for Suagrs

A

Benedict’s test

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14
Q

Test for Starch

A

Iodine Solution

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15
Q

Test form Proteins

A

Biuret Test

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16
Q

Test for Lipids

A

Sudan III

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17
Q

If lipids are present

A

Bright Red

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18
Q

If Starch is present

A

From browny-orange to black or blue-black

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19
Q

If Sugar is present

A

From Blue to Green, Yellow or Red

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20
Q

What is the Phloem made out of?

A

Elongated living cells with small pores at the end of the walls to allow cell sap through

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21
Q

What is the xylem made out of?

A

Dead cells with no wall between them and a hole down the middle
Lignin strengthens it

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22
Q

Why is there a constant Transpiration stream?

A

Water escapes the leaves by diffusion and so needs to be constantly replenished by the roots

23
Q

What are the Four Main things affecting transpiration rate

A

Light intensity
Humidity
Air Flow
Temperature

24
Q

What is the Structure of guard cells?

A

Thin outer walls and thick inner walls
Adapted for gas exchange

25
Q

What are Platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells that allow blood to clot at a wound to stop blood pouring out

26
Q

What is Plasma?

A

A liquid that carries everything

27
Q

What does Plasma carry?

A

Platelets
CO2
Urea
Hormones
Red and White blood cells
Proteins
Antibodies and Antitoxins

28
Q

Physical defence for Plants

A

Thick bark
Cellulose
Leaves are covered in Cuticle

29
Q

Chemical defence for plants

A

Produce enzymes
Stinging cells and trichomes (stinging hairs)

30
Q

Types of Plant Pathogen

A

Rice blast fungus (causes decay)

31
Q

Types of Plant pathogen

A

Tobacco mosaic virus (discolouration)

32
Q

Types of plant pathogen

A

Mealybugs (Stunted growth)

33
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Injecting small amounts of dead or weakend pathogen so your body produces antibodies

34
Q

2 Pros of Vaccination

A

Control lots of communicable diseases that were once common (polio, measles, smallpox)
Epidemics are prevented

35
Q

2 cons of Vaccination

A

Don’t always work
Some can have a bad reaction (fever or seizure)

36
Q

Why are red blood cells bio concave?

A

So that they can supply more oxygen

37
Q

What binds to oxygen in red blood cells?

A

Haemoglobin

38
Q

Painkiller that comes from Willow

A

Aspirin

39
Q

Digitalis comes from a chemical found in

A

Foxgloves

40
Q

What is Benign?

A

The Tumour stays in one place and is not cancerous

41
Q

What is Malignant?

A

When the tumour grows and spreads to healthy tissues
Is cancerous

42
Q

Pros of Artificial heart

A

Less chance rejected by the body
Temporary
Pumps blood

43
Q

Cons of Artificial heart

A

Don’t work as well
Can cause blood clots because blood doesn’t run as smooth

44
Q

If Proteins are present

A

Blue to Purple

45
Q

Bile

A

Produce in the Liver
Stored in the gall bladder
Released into the small intestines

46
Q

What does Bile do?

A

Neutralises the acid so enzymes can work best

47
Q

Emulsifies fats

A

Breaks down fat into ting droplets so there is a larger surface area for the lipase to work on

48
Q

Parts of the Vein

A

Thin Walls
Large Lumen
Valves

49
Q

Parts of the Artery

A

Thick walls - muscle and elastic fibres
Small lumen

50
Q

Parts of the Capillaries

A

I cell thick
Small lumen
Permeable walls

51
Q

Where is Amylase made?

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine

52
Q

Where is Protease made?

A

Stomach (where it’s called pepsin)
Pancreas
Small intestine

53
Q

Where is Lipase made?

A

Pancreas
Small intestine

54
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Mitosis is when the cells divides

biology paper 1 (1 decks)

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