Revision

Question 1

What is the definition of ‘animal behaviour’?

Answer 1

All of the observable responses an animal gives to a stimulus/stimuli around it

Question 2

Who developed the 4 questions?

Answer 2

Niko Tinbergen

Question 3

What are the 4 questions?

Answer 3

Control, Development, Function and Evolution

Question 4

What is ethology?

Answer 4

Study of behaviour in the natural or near natural environment

Question 5

Which of the questions are proximate?

Answer 5

Control and Development

Question 6

Which of the questions are ultimate?

Answer 6

Function and Evolution

Question 7

What is an ethogram?

Answer 7

List of behavioural definitions

Question 8

What are the two basic behavioural categories?

Answer 8

States and Events

Question 9

What are behavioural states?

Answer 9

Constant and longer bouts of behaviour

Question 10

What are behavioural events?

Answer 10

Short duration behaviours, hard to time

Question 11

How are behavioural events measured?

Answer 11

As a frequency (how many times)

Question 12

What is inferred by time spent on behaviour?

Answer 12

Motivation and behavioural need

Question 13

What is the time-activity budget?

Answer 13

Allows us to compare between animals and why particular behaviours are seen.

Question 14

What is Scan sampling for

Answer 14

Seeing what a large group of animals is doing

Question 15

What is continuous sampling?

Answer 15

Over a specific time period to record accurate time spent on specific behaviour by an individual

Question 16

What is Event Sampling?

Answer 16

Determines frequency or rate of event behaviours

Question 17

What does an ethogram do?

Answer 17

Helps you collect data

Question 18

Where do you put the ethogram when writing a report?

Answer 18

Methods section

Question 19

What controls a birds migration from one area to another?

Answer 19

Weather patterns

Question 20

What to crows use to get food?

Answer 20

Tools

Question 21

How do crows learn to use tools?

Answer 21

Observation of others and experience

Question 22

What is ‘Natural selection’?

Answer 22

Survival of the fittest

Question 23

What is ‘Sexual selection’?

Answer 23

A form of natural selection, female choice = male competition

Question 24

What is the arms race?

Answer 24

When a particular set of characteristics is happening in the environment that males can compete over

Question 25

What is speciation?

Answer 25

Different populations undergo independent divergence maintaining separate identities and evolutionary tendencies

Question 26

What is a species?

Answer 26

Corresponds to a discrete group of similar organisms

Question 27

What is the phenotypic species concept?

Answer 27

A species is a set of organisms that are sufficiently similar to one another and sufficiently different from members of other species

Question 28

What is a cline?

Answer 28

A gradual change in character or allele frequencies

Question 29

What is Bergmann's Rule?

Answer 29

larger species = colder environments vice versa

Question 30

What is the biological species concept?

Answer 30

a group of individuals fully fertile, but barred from interbreeding with other groups - reproductively isolated

Question 31

What is one problem with the biological species concept?

Answer 31

Hybrids - BSC doesn't require species to be fully isolated

Question 32

What 2 barriers are there to gene flow?

Answer 32

Pre zygotic and post zygotic

Question 33

What pre-zygotic barriers are there?

Answer 33

- Ecological isolation - behavioural isolation - Post mating prezygotic barriers

Question 34

What post zygotic barriers are there?

Answer 34

Hybrid unviability and sterility

Question 35

What are the two types of ecological isolation?

Answer 35

Seasonal and habitat

Question 36

What is the conspecific sperm precedence phenomenom?

Answer 36

If the female only mates with heterospecific male, he will fertilise the eggs and same with conspecific

Question 37

What is gamete isolation?

Answer 37

Gametes of different species fail to unite

Question 38

What is hybrid inviability?

Answer 38

Lower survival rates than full species

Question 39

What is hybrid sterility?

Answer 39

Survival to maturity but unable to produce viable offspring

Question 40

What is allopatric speciation?

Answer 40

When populations of the same species become isolated, form new species

Question 41

What is peripatric speciation?

Answer 41

Closey related species in an isolated close (unconnected) area

Question 42

What is parapatric speciation?

Answer 42

Narrow contact zone so species form in new area

Question 43

What is sympatric speciation?

Answer 43

Evolution of new species in same area due to reproductive isolation