REVISION

Question 1

What is the first line of defence against pathogens?

Answer 1

Outer barriers e.g. Epithelial Layer (skin)

Question 2

Where do secondary lymphoid tissues reside?

Answer 2

lining the mucosa and throughout the body

Question 3

Through what do immune cells migrate?

Answer 3

Lymphatic system

Question 4

What is the mucosa known as in infection?

Answer 4

Primary site of infection

Question 5

Function of the outer mucosal layer?

Answer 5

Trap microbes - slow things down

Question 6

How does the inner mucosal layer function?

Answer 6

It is full of AMPS which bind any microbes that enter through the mucosal layer

Question 7

Where do AMPS reside?

Answer 7

Inner mucosal layer

Question 8

What is the epithelial function of mucins?

Answer 8

Protect epithelial cells from stress induced damage

Question 9

Bacterial function of mucins?

Answer 9

Prevent biofilm formation

Question 10

MUC2 - where? membrane bound or secreted gel forming?

Answer 10

Intestine - Secreted gel forming

Question 11

MUC3 - membrane bound or secreted gel forming?

Answer 11

Membrane bound - forms the glycocalyx

Question 12

MUC6 - where? why?

Answer 12

Colon - there is a higher microbial load here so mucus is thicker

Question 13

Where are AMPS derived from

Answer 13

Epithelial

Question 14

Function of defensins?

Answer 14

Kill bacteria or inhibit growth

Question 15

Where are ALPHA defensins found?

Answer 15

Neutrophils, macrophages and Paneth cells of intestine

Question 16

Where are beta defensins expressed?

Answer 16

On epithelial surfaces

Question 17

Role of complement 3?

Answer 17

Amplification and opsonization - C3A recruits immune cells by inflammation and C3B cells attack to the microbe (opsonisation)

Question 18

What is the membrane attack complex?

Answer 18

a combination of proteins formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the complement system

Question 19

c5 function?

Answer 19

Forms the MAC

Question 20

Function of MAC?

Answer 20

Forms a pore on the cell membrane which causes calcium ion influx and ultimately cell death

Question 21

What initiates the classical complement pathway?

Answer 21

An antibody bound microbe

Question 22

What initiates the alternative complement pathway?

Answer 22

A free microbe

Question 23

What initiates the lectin pathway?

Answer 23

Binding of PAMPS onto PRR

Question 24

List the 3 types of PRRs

Answer 24

TLR, RLR, CDS

Question 25

TLR2 - positive or negative?

Answer 25

a membrane bound TLR that responds to gram positive bacterial cell wall components e.g. PEPTIDOGLYCAN and LIPOPEPTIDES- to provoke an immune response

Question 26

TLR 4 - positive or negative?

Answer 26

a central role in the control of bacterial infections through the recognition of LPS molecules from GRAM-NEGATIVE

Question 27

Function of the Peyers Patch?

Answer 27

Samples everything in the mucosa - same function as the tonsils - bacteria and viruses may replicate in either organ causing inflammation

Question 28

What happens in the germinal centre of the lymph nodes?

Answer 28

Macrophages and dendritic cells migrate here and there is already lots of B and T cells that will mature here - develop into long life immunity

Question 29

What transports immune cells?

Answer 29

Lymphatic vessels

Question 30

What response is seen as an anti-allergy response?

Answer 30

TH2 - the induce an inflammatory response and recruit eosinophils to the site

Question 31

What cells do eosinophils activate?

Answer 31

Mast cells and basophils

Question 32

Where are T cells educated?

Answer 32

Thymus

Question 33

Do natural killer cells require education?

Answer 33

No

Question 34

What is a NKT mechanism of action?

Answer 34

Release of perforin and granzyme onto target cell causing cell death

Question 35

What is the difference between M1 and M2 macrophages?

Answer 35

M1 macrophages are mainly involved in pro-inflammatory responses and M2 macrophages are mainly involved in anti-inflammatory responses

Question 36

What cell types are APCs?

Answer 36

Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

Question 37

What is a dendritic cells main function?

Answer 37

The activation of T cells to produce specific antibodies

Question 38

What differentiates Natural Killer cells from Cytotoxic CD8 cells?

Answer 38

CD8 cells require education and activation

Question 39

What does T cell education mean?

Answer 39

All self antigens are presented in the thymus which means T cells can differentiate self from foreign microbes

Question 40

What stage of life displays the highest level of T cell education?

Answer 40

Puberty