Revision

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT typically a feature of Gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 1

Teichoic acids in the cell wall

Found in Gram-positive bacteria, not Gram-negative

Question 2

Which cytokine is most associated with the activation of T-helper 1 cells in adaptive immunity?

Answer 2

IL-12

IL-12 activates Th1 cells, involved in cell-mediated immunity

Question 3

Which is NOT a hallmark feature of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 3

Inflammation

Inflammation is part of the innate immune system, not adaptive

Question 4

Which of the following does NOT contribute to bacterial pathogenicity?

Answer 4

Lymphocyte activation

Lymphocyte activation is part of the immune response, not a bacterial strategy

Question 5

Which of these does NOT play a role in phagocytosis?

Answer 5

MHC II

MHC II is involved in presenting antigens to T-helper cells, not phagocytosis

Question 6

The IgG antibody is most important in:

Answer 6

Activating complement pathways

IgG activates complement to enhance pathogen elimination

Question 7

Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?

Answer 7

Thymus

The thymus is where T cells mature; lymph nodes are secondary organs

Question 8

Question: What component of bacterial cell walls is most responsible for the pathogenicity of Gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 8

Answer: Teichoic acid

Question 9

Question: The function of the complement system is primarily to:

Answer 9

Directly kill cells by lysis

Question 10

Which cytokine is produced by macrophages and promotes a Th1 immune response?

Answer 10

IL-12

Question 11

Which parasite is known for having a unique “trypanosome” life cycle, alternating between insect vectors and mammalian hosts?

Answer 11

Trypanosoma brucei

Question 12

Which of the following is a mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotics?

Answer 12

Alteration of ribosomal structure

Question 13

In the T cell activation process, which of the following is necessary for a T cell to become fully activated?

Answer 13

Co-stimulatory signal from dendritic cells

Question 14

In the process of inflammation, which cell type is primarily responsible for producing IL-1 and TNF-alpha?

Answer 14

Macrophages

Question 15

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the formation of pus at a site of infection?

Answer 15

Red blood cells

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane?

Answer 16

Answer: It is responsible for most of the antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of antibodies in the immune response?

Answer 17

Answer: They activate the complement system and enhance phagocytosis