revision

Question 1

what are some characteristics of rejected stalkers

Answer 1

personality issues, substance abuse

jealous, controlling, possessive

can be violent

self aware enough to stop when consequences are high

Question 2

what are some characteristics of resentful/retaliatory stalkers

Answer 2

sees self as victim of injustice and wants retribution

attempts to frighten

resentful are generally more common and happen over a longer period of time

Question 3

what are some characteristics of intimacy seeking stalkers

Answer 3

seek relationship, and are convinced victim will reciprocate

older, lonely, can be narcissistic if they feel they’re owed the relationship

value even in one sided love, so continues because fantasy is better than loneliness

persistent, high psychosis, violent if rejected

Question 4

what are some characteristics of incompetent suitors

Answer 4

similar to intimacy seekers, but looking for date or sexual encounter

poor social skills

less satisfied with pursuit

quick to stop, but also move onto new victim

Question 5

what are some characteristics of predatory stalkers

Answer 5

least common

attack on victim

pleasure from planning/control

usually male

substance abuse, personality disorders

less focus on single victim

Question 6

inquisitorial vs adversarial court systems

Answer 6

inquisitorial: official inquiry to ascertain the truth - judge has greater role in calling witnesses/asking questions

adversarial: competitive process between prosecution and defence to determine the facts.

Question 7

magistrates vs crown court

Answer 7

magistrates:
- 2-3 magistrates
- no judge or jury
- less serious offences

crown:
- judge and jury
- appeals from magistrates court
- serious, indictable offences

Question 8

what are some features of punishment

Answer 8

unwelcome to recipient

intentional

right to punish

act which infringed law, rule or custom

person punished was involved in infringement

Question 9

what is the retribution theory of punishment

Answer 9

harm done to society should be counterbalanced with proportionate punishment

Question 10

what is the utilitarian theory of punishment

Answer 10

common good

puts offender in a position where they can no longer offend

Question 11

what is the humanitarian theory of punishment

Answer 11

offenders may come from disadvantaged backgrounds, or have been victims themselves, so are deserving of rehabilitation

Question 12

who insisted on reforms to the UK prison system, including paid staff, outside inspection, etc

Answer 12

John Howard

Question 13

what did the prison act 1898 abolish?

Answer 13

hard labour

prison labour should be productive and not harmful

Question 14

what year was the first open prison built

Answer 14

1933

Question 15

how does the prison suicide risk compare to the murder risk

Answer 15

suicide rates very high:
- 2 per week (UK)
- 4x as common in prison than out of prison (US)

murder is rare:
- since 2005, 16 prison homicides
- 10x higher in US

Question 16

who introduced strategies to help with problem of prison suicide? (including reducing number of remand/mentally ill prisoners, avoiding negative consequences for suicidal thoughts)

Answer 16

Towl (1996)

Question 17

what are the 8 main concerns of prison inmates

Answer 17

privacy

safety

structure

support

emotional feedback

social stimulation

activity

freedom

Question 18

Wortley examined some misconceptions regarding child sexual assault.

what were the findings?

Answer 18

56.5% of CSA perpetrators lived with victim

36.9% knew the child

only 6.5% were strangers

69% of offences happened in the home

Question 19

what are some factors involved in sexual aggression towards adults

Answer 19

Hostile masculinity
Sociosexual orientation
Endorsement of rape myths
Alcohol use
Antisociality
Sadism

Question 20

briefly outline the integrated theory of sexual offending

Answer 20

brain development and ecological niche factors contribute to neurophysiological functioning

this leads to clinical symptoms which may lead to sexual offending, which is then maintained or escalated

Question 21

which act stated that mentally disordered people who commit offences should receive specialist treatment rather than punishment

Answer 21

mental health act 2007

Question 22

what is a key feature of ASPD

Answer 22

persistent disregard and or violation of the rights of others

Question 23

what is an example of the circularity in the diagnosis of mental illness (diagnostic bias)

Answer 23

why do some people commit violent crimes?

because they are psychopaths

how do we know they are psychopaths?

because they commit violent crimes

Question 24

what percentage of male Sz sexual offenders had hallucinations at time of offence?

Answer 24

94%

Question 25

what are the 4 main categories of theories of crime

Answer 25

individual group/socialisation theories community influence societal/macro level theories (society structured in a way that creates crime)

Question 26

what is a cognitive theory of crime hypothesis? is this hypothesis solid?

Answer 26

low intelligence leads to poor learning skills, which produce detrimental effects: poor marketable skills to earn a living poor ability to avoid risks get caught easily however, there is weak support for this

Question 27

what did baumeister and heatherton suggest

Answer 27

poor impulse control -> problem behaviour, including aggression

Question 28

what did dewall find regarding aggression

Answer 28

pps engaged in task where they used up their self regulatory resources pps who had previously employed self regulation were more aggressive

Question 29

what did Raine find regarding prefrontal deficits

Answer 29

low autonomic arousal, aggressive/ antisocial behaviour

Question 30

which gene is linked to aggression

Answer 30

RBFOX1

Question 31

many criminals start offending in childhood. why?

Answer 31

punitive parenting lack of love, rejection lack of supervision family disruption deviant parents these factors combine with others, such as individual characteristics/area you live

Question 32

what percentage of people were worried about violent crime and burglary in British crime survey 2003

Answer 32

21% worried about violent crime 15% worried about burglary

Question 33

what is the fear-victimisation paradox

Answer 33

there is no clear relationship between fear of crime and victimisation elderly report highest fear of crime, but young males are at the most risk overall

Question 34

which theory of crime has the assumption that mass media is a means of cultural transmission and affects fear of crime? does the theory hold up

Answer 34

cultivation theory statistically weak relationship between heavy viewing and distorted perception of crime

Question 35

what is the availability heuristic theory of crime

Answer 35

media or other factors create easily accessible images of crime in people's minds, which influences fear of crime

Question 36

what is the cognitive theory of crime

Answer 36

fear = risk x seriousness belief about likelihood of being a victim belief about seriousness of consequences of the crime

Question 37

what is the downward comparison process in the cognitive theory of crime

Answer 37

subjective risk of future victimisation increases after victimisation, but negative impact decreases as victim learns to cope = fear of crime remains unchanged, because fear = risk x seriousness

Question 38

what are the rates of victims reporting rape

Answer 38

15-20%

Question 39

what are three situations that can set the context for displaced aggression

Answer 39

provoking situation has irrelevant source source of provocation leaves before you retaliate provocateur has power over you

Question 40

what is rumination how does it contribute to aggression

Answer 40

self focused attention to own thoughts, feelings, and their causes can maintain negative effects and cognitive representations of provoking events, keeping the individuals primed for aggressive responding

Question 41

why may gang members ruminate more

Answer 41

may see anger as useful, so may be more likely to ruminate

Question 42

which interventions that target risk factors are the most effective at reducing recidivism what do they involve

Answer 42

Cognitive-behavioural programs focused on risk factors for criminal recidivism tend to be most effective. These involve: interpersonal skills training, behavioural techniques such as modelling, graduated practice and role-playing, cognitive skills training, structured individual counselling for problem-solving training.