REVISION

Question 1

Mainstream media and protest coverage

Framing and overlap

Examples?

Answer 1

Involves selection and salience

Select certain aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient

Promote particular problem

Frames overlap with each other. For example the idea that a protest to stop violence may actually be shown in the media as being violent

Question 2

Rise of celeb culture

Turner, G

Answer 2

Turner:

• Celebs private life = new personal
• Most celebs don’t actually have to do anything significant to become famous
• Majority of celebs become famous from entertainment or sport industry

Question 3

Rise of celeb culture

Dyer, 2004

Answer 3

“represent ways of feeling and thinking in contemporary society, ways that have been socially, culturally and historically constructed”

Question 4

What do celebs offer to audiences?

Rojek, C: 2001

Answer 4

• Models of being
• People to make sense of their lives

Rojek, C - ‘desirable celebrity’ key marketing tool

“Recognition of glamour and achievement is drawn from around the world”

Question 5

Pringle, H, 2004

Gatekeeping

Answer 5

Gatekeeping in advertising

reporter deciding which sources are chosen to include in a story to editors deciding which stories are printed or covered

brands need to be trustworthy and desirable - meaning credible info might not always be

Question 6

“Today we live in a celebrity culture”

Answer 6

Penfold (2004, p. 289)

Question 7

“a culture that is permeated by celebrity, where social life and many social spheres and activities outside entertainment, media, and sports are “celebritized”

Answer 7

Marshall (2006)

Question 8

Celbs and politics

Street, J 2004

Barack

Answer 8

Street broken down:

1) the traditional politician who emerges from a background in show business or who uses
the techniques of popular culture to seek (and acquire) elected office

2) the celebrity who seeks to
influence the exercise of political power by way of their fame and status (for
example, Bono or Bob Geldof

JME? Jeremy C

Question 9

Stereotypes:

Summary

Answer 9

• sort from predujice and discrimination

- the threat of stereotypes - people become self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 10

Lad Culture

Answer 10

Sex, misogony, banter, rape, homophobia

Question 11

Etman: Index of race in the media

Black vs white ‘vulgar language’

Answer 11

89% of black females in movies are seen to be using vulgar language

17% oh white women

Question 12

Stereotyping

How is it SO reinforced?

Vicious cycle

changes people’s opinions

Answer 12

The media partakes in a vicious cycle. Repeating stereotypes and reinforcing them

they start to become a part of the narrative themselves

this becomes ingrained into mass medias as they have such an influence over people’s opinions

Question 13

Structuralism vs post-structuralism

What are they?

History and culture bias

Answer 13

both explain the way audiences gain meaning from the text/communication

Structuralism: societies, cultural practices, and media texts can be analysed as language of signifying systems

Post - challenges the above, says that we can actually interoperate a certain text in different ways

The idea that history and culture can create bias that inhibits the ability to properly interpret text

Question 14

Structuralism vs post-structuralism

BATHES

DERRIDA

Answer 14

Bathes: Structuralist. Argued that there are certain narrative codes that are identifiable through a large range of media texts

Derrida: research included that in fact every work she has analysed all have inner contradictions - things can be interpreted in different ways

Question 15

Saussure

Signs, Signifier, Signified

Answer 15

Sign: a successful understandable from of communication

Signifier: any gesture, image, sounds, pattern, something that conveys meaning

Signified: the idea or meaning of the image

Question 16

The Frankfurt School

Answer 16

civilisation is fragile and prone to break down

mass media feeds us info and us as an audience are PASSIVE. we take what we hear and what we know and we think we want more

the media outlet is controlled by the elites who own them

Question 17

Against idea of Frankfurt

Cote and Pybus, 2007

We are active

Social media

Answer 17

the media is reciprocated in the sense that messages can be transmitted to the public and the public can also transmit messages back

we can produce and transmit messages back

social media such as facebook and twitter give us a voice/platform

Question 18

Stuart Hall - audience reception theory

the death of Author

passive

Answer 18

The idea that people are actively engaged in the interpretation of media texts rather than passive consumers.

Even tho one message may be given by the author, as an audience, we can choice to agree, interpret or regect

Dominant

Negotiated

Oppositional

Question 19

Encoding and decoding

Stuart Hall

Miley Cyrus

Answer 19

Encoding - the message that is being given out by the author. ‘We can’t stop video” - miley transitioning from Hannah Montana school girl to new women, grown up

Decoding - we can interpret things differently

Maybe slutty?

Question 20

Chomsky - propaganda model

Answer 20

examines the idea that there are institutional pressures that influence the context given in a media due to profit- driven organisations

the media will always produce a context that serves the interests of established power - we are conditioned so much that we crave it

Question 21

Chomsky - Manufacturing consent

sections??

Answer 21

PROFIT - advertising is money making! will rarely be critical of economic or political policies

SOURCES - government officials are often seen as ‘credible’ because of power, inside knowledge BUT they utilise the media to gain votes (iraq war, hate terrorists)

FLAK - if a news article is to stray from the desired economic or political policies, negative comments are used to discipline them - making the less popular

INTERNAL ENEMY OR THREAT - promoting ‘anti-communist’ - conditions audiences to a common enemy. (iraq)

ADS SELL - the idea that ads are there to sell not to tell the truth. Tabacco in a pipe is the best - or it gives you cancer??? but they don’t say that

Question 22

Orientalism - ‘SAID’

summary

binary oppositions

western fantasy

media displays

Answer 22

The representation of Asia in the stereotyped ways that regarded as embodying colonialist attitude. (white, west)

Constructs binary oppositions between the east and west

‘Western fantasy’ - assumptions are often made about inheriting racial characteristics - indian are lazy, Arabs are violent, all Muslims are terrorists

media shows images that exaggerate and distros differences of (arab) people and culture, compared to that of EU and US. e.g. Arabs are backwards and uncivilised

played a big role in EU culture as the powerful ones

Question 23

Edward Bernay’s -

propaganda

facts don’t always sell so tap into audiences emotions!

torches of freedom

Answer 23

thinks the idea of propaganda is the method by which the masses are told what to think by the elite few who are smart enough to know how ‘common’ people think

common folk vs invisible government

because facts do not always persuade, businesses need to appeal to people’s emotions -

Torches of freedom - fags

Used as a way to liberate women’s rights, powerful and savvy