REVISION Flashcards
(23 cards)
Mainstream media and protest coverage
Framing and overlap
Examples?
Involves selection and salience
Select certain aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient
Promote particular problem
Frames overlap with each other. For example the idea that a protest to stop violence may actually be shown in the media as being violent
Rise of celeb culture
Turner, G
Turner:
- Celebs private life = new personal
- Most celebs don’t actually have to do anything significant to become famous
- Majority of celebs become famous from entertainment or sport industry
Rise of celeb culture
Dyer, 2004
“represent ways of feeling and thinking in contemporary society, ways that have been socially, culturally and historically constructed”
What do celebs offer to audiences?
Rojek, C: 2001
- Models of being
- People to make sense of their lives
Rojek, C - ‘desirable celebrity’ key marketing tool
“Recognition of glamour and achievement is drawn from around the world”
Pringle, H, 2004
Gatekeeping
Gatekeeping in advertising
reporter deciding which sources are chosen to include in a story to editors deciding which stories are printed or covered
brands need to be trustworthy and desirable - meaning credible info might not always be
“Today we live in a celebrity culture”
Penfold (2004, p. 289)
“a culture that is permeated by celebrity, where social life and many social spheres and activities outside entertainment, media, and sports are “celebritized”
Marshall (2006)
Celbs and politics
Street, J 2004
Barack
Street broken down:
1) the traditional politician who emerges from a background in show business or who uses
the techniques of popular culture to seek (and acquire) elected office
2) the celebrity who seeks to
influence the exercise of political power by way of their fame and status (for
example, Bono or Bob Geldof
JME? Jeremy C
Stereotypes:
Summary
- sort from predujice and discrimination
- the threat of stereotypes - people become self-fulfilling prophecies
Lad Culture
Sex, misogony, banter, rape, homophobia
Etman: Index of race in the media
Black vs white ‘vulgar language’
89% of black females in movies are seen to be using vulgar language
17% oh white women
Stereotyping
How is it SO reinforced?
Vicious cycle
changes people’s opinions
The media partakes in a vicious cycle. Repeating stereotypes and reinforcing them
they start to become a part of the narrative themselves
this becomes ingrained into mass medias as they have such an influence over people’s opinions
Structuralism vs post-structuralism
What are they?
History and culture bias
both explain the way audiences gain meaning from the text/communication
Structuralism: societies, cultural practices, and media texts can be analysed as language of signifying systems
Post - challenges the above, says that we can actually interoperate a certain text in different ways
The idea that history and culture can create bias that inhibits the ability to properly interpret text
Structuralism vs post-structuralism
BATHES
DERRIDA
Bathes: Structuralist. Argued that there are certain narrative codes that are identifiable through a large range of media texts
Derrida: research included that in fact every work she has analysed all have inner contradictions - things can be interpreted in different ways
Saussure
Signs, Signifier, Signified
Sign: a successful understandable from of communication
Signifier: any gesture, image, sounds, pattern, something that conveys meaning
Signified: the idea or meaning of the image
The Frankfurt School
civilisation is fragile and prone to break down
mass media feeds us info and us as an audience are PASSIVE. we take what we hear and what we know and we think we want more
the media outlet is controlled by the elites who own them
Against idea of Frankfurt
Cote and Pybus, 2007
We are active
Social media
the media is reciprocated in the sense that messages can be transmitted to the public and the public can also transmit messages back
we can produce and transmit messages back
social media such as facebook and twitter give us a voice/platform
Stuart Hall - audience reception theory
the death of Author
passive
The idea that people are actively engaged in the interpretation of media texts rather than passive consumers.
Even tho one message may be given by the author, as an audience, we can choice to agree, interpret or regect
Dominant
Negotiated
Oppositional
Encoding and decoding
Stuart Hall
Miley Cyrus
Encoding - the message that is being given out by the author. ‘We can’t stop video” - miley transitioning from Hannah Montana school girl to new women, grown up
Decoding - we can interpret things differently
Maybe slutty?
Chomsky - propaganda model
examines the idea that there are institutional pressures that influence the context given in a media due to profit- driven organisations
the media will always produce a context that serves the interests of established power - we are conditioned so much that we crave it
Chomsky - Manufacturing consent
sections??
PROFIT - advertising is money making! will rarely be critical of economic or political policies
SOURCES - government officials are often seen as ‘credible’ because of power, inside knowledge BUT they utilise the media to gain votes (iraq war, hate terrorists)
FLAK - if a news article is to stray from the desired economic or political policies, negative comments are used to discipline them - making the less popular
INTERNAL ENEMY OR THREAT - promoting ‘anti-communist’ - conditions audiences to a common enemy. (iraq)
ADS SELL - the idea that ads are there to sell not to tell the truth. Tabacco in a pipe is the best - or it gives you cancer??? but they don’t say that
Orientalism - ‘SAID’
summary
binary oppositions
western fantasy
media displays
The representation of Asia in the stereotyped ways that regarded as embodying colonialist attitude. (white, west)
Constructs binary oppositions between the east and west
‘Western fantasy’ - assumptions are often made about inheriting racial characteristics - indian are lazy, Arabs are violent, all Muslims are terrorists
media shows images that exaggerate and distros differences of (arab) people and culture, compared to that of EU and US. e.g. Arabs are backwards and uncivilised
played a big role in EU culture as the powerful ones
Edward Bernay’s -
propaganda
facts don’t always sell so tap into audiences emotions!
torches of freedom
thinks the idea of propaganda is the method by which the masses are told what to think by the elite few who are smart enough to know how ‘common’ people think
common folk vs invisible government
because facts do not always persuade, businesses need to appeal to people’s emotions -
Torches of freedom - fags
Used as a way to liberate women’s rights, powerful and savvy
