revision Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
occluding junction
A
tight junction, seals space creating a physical barrier to diffusion
2
Q
cell to cell anchoring
A
adherens junction connecting via actin filaments
desmosomes connects keratin filaments
3
Q
channel forming
A
gap junctions, consist of connexins
4
Q
basal adherence
A
hemidesmosomes
5
Q
nucleoli
A
Nucleoli are sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly
6
Q
microfilament
A
actin
7
Q
intermediate filament
A
fibrous proteins
8
Q
microtubule
A
tubulin dimers Alpha and Beta
9
Q
gibbs free energy equation
A
G=H-TS
10
Q
configuration
A
fixed arrangement of atoms in a molecule
L and D arrangements around a chiral carbon
Cis/Trans isomers
11
Q
conformation
A
precise arrangement of atoms in a molecule, rotation of bonds without breaking or forming new bonds
12
Q
list of the macromolecules in us in descending order
A
proteins, RNA, ions/small molecules, phospholipids and polysaccharides, DNA.
13
Q
base plus a ribose forms a
A
nucleoside
14
Q
nucleoside plus a phosphate forms a
A
nucleotide
15
Q
pyrimidine
A
flat single ring, thymine, cytosine and uracil
16
Q
purine
A
flat double ring, guanine and adenine
17
Q
nucleic acids are linked by
A
3’5’ phosphodiester bonds
18
Q
D-Glucose
A
used as polymers for starch and glycogen, has an aldehyde for oxidizing
19
Q
ATPase utilises
A
binding change mechanism
20
Q
what vitamins are derived from a lipid
A
ADEK
21
Q
which of the following drugs does not block transmission at the NMJ botulinum toxin curare hemicholinium neostigmine tetrodotoxin
A
neostigmine
22
Q
The protein component of an enzyme that contains a cofactor
A
Apoenzyme
23
Q
Km is
A
equivalent to the substrate concentration at which the initial reaction rate is half of the maximum reaction rate”
24
Q
carnitine is produced from
A
lysine or methionine
25
carnitine is inhibited by
malonyl CoA
26
7 beta oxidations produce
8 acetyl CoA + 7 FADH2 and 7 NADH = 129 ATP
27
glycolysis net gain of
2 ATP and 2 NADH per glc
28
how many T lymphocytes are there
10 to the power of 12
29
the pentose phosphate pathway has a
reversible part for generating NADPH and a non reversible part for producing nucleotides
30
black water fever is
a G6P dehydrogenase deficiency
31
krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation provide
90% of energy
32
have large is pyruvate dehydrogenase
50nm
33
starch consists of
amylopectin and amylose
34
hurler syndrome is
a failure to break down mucopolysaccharides
35
C3a and C5a are
chemo attractants
36
ammonia is transported as what in the blood stream
glutamine
37
glutamine and alanine have what charge?
no charge unlike glutamate which has a negative charge
38
the 8 essential aa are
histidine, isleucine, lysine, methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
39
the ketogenic pathways in the citric acid cycle for proteins are
acetoacetyl CoA and acetyl CoA
40
how much ATP does nitrogenase require for nitrogen fixation
16
41
all aminotransferases rely on
pyridoxal phosphate cofactor made from B6
42
what do high serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase ALT indicate?
liver disease
43
how are cellular proteins tagged for destruction
by being ubiquitinated
44
most metabolic disorders are
autosomal recessive
45
PKU is diagnosed with a? and associated with
Guthrie card
| tyrosine deficiency
46
linoleic and linolenic acids are
essential fatty acids as we cannot introduce double bonds beyond carbon 9
47
phospholipids are hydrolysed to form
lysophospholipid
48
TAG is packaged with
ApoB-48 to form chylomicrons for export
49
FA synthesis requires for palmitate formation
8 acetyl CoA, 14 NADPH, 14H and 7 ATP
50
acyl-malonyl ACP and Acetoacetyl ACP form
acetoacetyl ACP for elongation in FA synthesis
51
cholesterol is a precursor to
sterol hormones, vitamin D and bile acids
52
eicosanoids are precursors to
derived from omega 3/6 FA to form prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes
53
asparin inhibits
COX 1 enzyme for the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes
54
how does NADH bypass the mitochondrial membrane?
through the glycerol phosphate shuttle as FADH
55
Q1 is
NADH Q oxireductase with a Fe-S centre
56
Q2 is
succinate Q reductase
57
Q 3 is
Q cytochrome C oxireductase, produces 2 Cytochrome C molecules
58
Q 4 is
Cytochrome c oxidase
59
how much ATP is generated for NADH
2.5 mol
60
how much ATP is generated for FADH2
1.5 mol
61
exposure to what chemical can trigger hyperthermia
halothane
62
how many bonds between G and C?
3H
63
how many bonds between A and T
2H
64
blood's pH is around
7.4
65
force exerted by muscle is the
tension
66
force exerted on the muscle is the
load
67
contraction with constant length is
isometric
68
contraction with shortening length is
isotonic
69
contraction with increasing length is
lengthening
70
lactate dehydrogenase when converting pyruvate to lactate demonstrates
an ordered sequential mechanism
71
creatine kinase creating creatine from phosphocreatine generates
random sequential mechanism
72
what's peculiar about sweat glands?
post ganglionic sympathetic cholinergic fibres innervate sweat glands
73
merkel receptors
pressure and texture
74
Meissner's corpuscle
flutter and stroke
75
ruffini corpuscle
stretch
76
pacinian corpuscle
vibration, innervates hair
77
sensory information is relayed to the
thalamus to the somatosensory cortex
78
properties of graded potentials are
electrotonic, decremental, non-propagated and local
79
baroreceptors detect
blood pressure
80
erythrocytes what size, life span and conc?
4-610 to the power of 12
| 120 day life span 7-8 um
81
leukocytes conc
1 to the power of 10
82
neutrophils percentage of wbc
68%
83
lifespan of platelets
1o days
84
von willibrand factor enables
platelets to adhere to damaged tissue
85
haematocrit range for males
40-54%
86
haematocrit range for females
37% - 47%
87
as haematocrit increase, viscosity?
increases
88
aliphatic aa include
glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine - basic carbon chain
89
aromatic aa include
phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan
90
sulphur coating aa include
cysteine and methionine
91
basic aa include
lysine arginine and histidine
92
acidic aa include
aspartate and glutamate
93
uncharged polar aa include
serine, threonine, asparagine and glutamine
94
layers of the skin are
```
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
```
95
endocrine glands have a
proteinaceous secretion
96
exocrine glands can be
mucous - proteoglycan secretion
| serous - protein secretion
97
example of a dense regular connective tissue
tendon
98
example of dense irregular tissue
sebaceous gland
99
transient loose connective tissue
wbc
100
loose permanent connective tissue
fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cells, undifferentiated mesenchyme cells
101
epithelial component of the liver
parenchyma-hepatocytes
102
ECM consists of
proteoglycans (GAGS), hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin)
103
low EC50 indicates
high affinity for a drug for its receptor
104
NO can bind to
guanylyl cyclase and generate cGMP
105
adenylyl cyclase activates
cAMP which activates kinases for a secondary response which can excite/inhibit PKA
106
phospholipase C activates
produces diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate activating PKC and releasing calcium
107
calcium stores can be excited by
IP3- or calcium
108
ATP stands for
Adenosine 5' triphosphate
109
proteins are polymers of
L alpha amino acids
110
the carbon in urea comes from
carbon dioxide
111
the central canal in the spine is filled with
CSF
112
atropine selectively blocks
muscarinic receptors
113
the citric acid cycle consists of
of the oxidation of the cycle intermediates in four separate reactions
114
AZT is a
nucleotide analogue
115
FAD stands for
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
116
a partial agonist is
an agonist that binds to a receptor but doesn't fully activate it
117
can UDP galactose and UDP glucose be interconverted
yes
118
the liver contains (regard glycolysis)
glucose 6 phosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase
119
skeletal muscle contains (regarding glycolysis)
only glycogen phosphorylase not glucose 6 phosphatase
