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PYU401 > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Realism

A

Feelings pre exist before they show

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2
Q

Relativism

A

Things in our world are socially constructed

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3
Q

Credibility

A

The truth of the findings

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4
Q

Transferability

A

The extent to which findings can be transferred to other settings

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5
Q

Dependability

A

The extent to which the research would produce consistent findings if carried out again

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement or prediction that can be tested

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7
Q

Testing the hypothesis

A

Without bias, in a reliable manner

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8
Q

Internal validity

A

It measures what it is intended to measure

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9
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which results can be applied to other situations

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10
Q

Reliability

A

Are the same results consistently produced over time

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11
Q

BPS: code of ethics and conduct

A

Respect, competence, responsibility, integrity

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12
Q

Scientific method

A

Observe regularities, propose a theory, develop a prediction, test the prediction, evaluate the theory

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13
Q

Ontology

A

What exists

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14
Q

Epistemology

A

Knowledge of what exists

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15
Q

Methodology

A

How we can investigate what exists

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16
Q

Determinism

A

The natural order of things means events have identifiable causes

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17
Q

Empiricism

A

Theories must be based on publicly available observable evidence

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18
Q

Order

A

Events do not happen randomly therefore patterns should be identifiable

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19
Q

Parisimony

A

Explanations should be limited to what is evidenced, whilst being thorough and simple

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20
Q

Qualitative

A

Inductive approach

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21
Q

Quantitative

A

Seductive approach

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22
Q

Convenience sampling

A

Simply available to the researcher by virtue of a accessibility

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23
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Researcher makes contact with a small group who are relevant to research then used them to find more participants

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24
Q

Quota sampling

A

A sampling frame is defined in advance of data collection and the sample is chosen from the list

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25
Variable
Anything that varies and can be measured
26
Independent variable
The variable which may affect the values of another variable-something you manipulate
27
Dependant variable
Variable which may be affected or predicted by other variables
28
Research design
General structure that the researcher uses in a research study
29
Research method
A technique for collecting data
30
Quantitative
behaviour, cognition, emotion. numerical data. Large sample variable
31
Qualitative
individual case language or behaviour itself are used as units of analysis Small sample
32
Mode
Most common
33
Median
Middle score
34
Mean
Add the scores up then divide it by the number of scores you have
35
Random sampling
Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected
36
Experiments
Control variables
37
Quasi experiments
Some variables can’t control
38
Psychometric tests
Personality and intelligence
39
Comparison studies
Twin studies and cross section
40
Correlation
Relationship between variables
41
Types of surveys
Questionnaires Interviews Focus groups Internet
42
Systematic sampling
Select every n’th person from the population
43
Stratified sampling
Attempt to represent overall population in your sample
44
Cluster sampling
An existing representative group
45
Response sets
Open/closed Rating, ranking Agree disagree Middle alternative
46
Acquisition bias
People just saying yes
47
Order effect
People may get lazy with their answers and not think about what they are saying
48
Experimental design
Identified whether one variable affects another in a cause and effect sequence
49
Laboratory experiments
Conducted in a controlled environment (psychology lab)
50
Field experiments
Conducted in real life situations
51
One tailed
Prediction specifies direction
52
Two tailed
Prediction does not specify direction
53
Experimental hypothesis
States there is an effect of the independent variable on the dependant variable
54
Null hypothesis
States there is no effect of the independent variable on the dependant variable
55
Subject variables
All the participants did not have the same amount of sleep the night before
56
Situational variables
All psychology may not have the same temperature
57
Experimental variables
Experimenter may not behave the same towards all participants
58
Procedural variables
In repeated measures, first condition may make participants perform better than the others
59
Two main research strategies
Deductive and inductive
60
Inductive approach
Focus on words and meanings, goal is to develop a theory
61
Qualitative research
Used to gain understanding of underlying reasons, opinions and motivations
62
Theory
General rules that can help explain a particular behaviour or event
63
Within group design
Scores from the same participants repeated
64
Between group designs
Different participants and independent measures
65
Experiment
Control variables
66
P value
The probability of these results occurring if the null hypothesis were true
67
Measurement error
A discrepancy between the number we use to represent something and the value of what we’re measuring
68
Ratio
Similar to interval, ratios of values along the scale should be meaningful
69
Type 1 error
When you think the results are significant but they are insignificant
70
Type 2 error
When you think the results are insignificant but they are significant
71
Item quality
Does the question make sense?
72
Sample
A smaller representation of a full population
73
Central tendency
Methods of describing the centre for distribution
74
Khun’s paradigm shift
Replication- constant evaluation of the theory
75
Positivism
World is explained by using data to evaluate theories
76
Constructionism
Understand people science is not superior, research does not give facts
77
Objectivism
There is only one correct description of reality/ existence takes primacy over consciousness
78
Subjectivism
Knowledge is subjective, there is no external or objective truth
79
Deductive approach
Goal is theory testing focus’ on establishing a relationship between the theory and the research
80
Research design
General structure of research
81
Research method
Technique for collecting data
82
Participants must be aware of
Benefits m, confidentiality, anonymity, incentives, contact of details, signature
83
Realism issues
Cannot see all perspectives as equally valid, cannot evaluate arguments against any form of evidence
84
Relativism issues
Our knowledge of the world is not simply a reflection on the way the world is, research method is not objective, how can we assess if what we feel is the same as what we think we feel?
85
Survey advantages
``` Large data set Wide range of data Quick Cheap Can standardise questions Easy to analyse ```
86
Survey disadvantages
``` Interviewer effects Population bias Response acquiescence Poor designed questions Individual differences in understanding ```
87
Qualitative data collection
``` Interviews Observation Open ended questionnaire Diary method Clinical method Case studies ```
88
Large sample advantages
Less likely to be bias Increased power Increased likelihood of detecting an effect
89
Large sample size disadvantages
Can give meaningless significant result, | Can make a detention of a bad design of measurement difficult,
90
Small sample size advantages
Data collection is quicker Less data to analyse Detect subtleties in the data
91
Small sample size disadvantages
Reduced power Increased chance of bias Increased chance of non significant results

PYU401 (6 decks)

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