Revision

Question 1

Lysine charge

Answer 1

positive

Question 2

how many genes in the human body

Answer 2

25000

Question 3

how many proteins in the human bodyb

Answer 3

1 million

Question 4

what entropy change is free energy changed linked to

Answer 4

the entropy change of the surroundings

Question 5

what does lysozyme hydrolyse

Answer 5

alternating copolymers of N-acetyl glucosamine

N-acetyl muramic acid

Question 6

enzyme that catalyses glucose to G6P

Answer 6

hexokinase

glucokinase in the liver

Question 7

enzyme for fructose- 1,6- bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Answer 7

aldolase

Question 8

why is regeneration of NAD+ essential

Answer 8

for the dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

Question 9

coenzyme produced by ketogenesis in the liver

Answer 9

NAD+

Question 10

coenzyme thaht can stop lactic acid building up

Answer 10

CoA

maybe NAD+??

Question 11

which stage of the TCA cycle produces FADH2

Answer 11

succinate to fumarate

Question 12

where do all the ATP molecules come from in the whole of respiration

Answer 12

glycolysis = 2 + 2NADH = 8ATP
pyruvate dehydrogenase 2NADH = 6ATP
TCA = 2x(1GTP+3NADH+1FADH2) = 24ATP
net = 38ATP

Question 13

what enantiomeric forms does glutamate exist in

Answer 13

L and D

Question 14

proportions of acidic and basic AA in proteins

Answer 14

varies

dictate structure and function of the protein

Question 15

example of highly basic protein

Answer 15

in the granules of eosinophils

makes it cytotoxic to parasites

Question 16

relationship between leucine and isoleucine

Answer 16

distinct

cant be synthesised by mammals

Question 17

glutamate in blood clotting pathways

Answer 17

undergoes post-translational modification generate gamma-carboxyglutamate residues
the carboxyl = increased affinity for Ca - necessary for blood clotting

Question 18

how does warfarin work

Answer 18

by inhibiting the post-translational modification of glutamate

Question 19

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 19

for a reaction to proceed to products with greater entropy - free energy of products must be less that the free energy of the reactants

Question 20

change in gibbs for hydrolysis of 1 phosphoanhydride bond

Answer 20

31kj/mol

Question 21

affect of high pH on lysozyme

Answer 21

glutamate becomes ionised - COO-

loss of function

Question 22

what does NAD+ accept

Answer 22

a hydrogen atom and 2 electrons

Question 23

summarise glycolysis

Answer 23

first steps involve addition of 2 high energy phosphate groups to 6C glucose
this splits to make 2 3C molecules and the phosphate groups recovered to make ATP
a symmetrical high energy compound is made

Question 24

steps in link reaction

Answer 24

1. Decarboxylation of pyruvate to give hydroxyethyl TPP.
2. Oxidation and transfer of hydroxyethyl TPP to lipoamide to give acetylipoamide.
3. Transfer of the acetyl group acetylipoamide to CoA to give acetyl CoA.
4. Regeneration of the oxidised lipoamide generating FADH2.
5. Regeneration of oxidised FAD, by NAD+ generating NADH.

Question 25

where does the malate aspartate shuttle mainly occur

Answer 25

the liver, kidneys and the heart

Question 26

difference in structure between NADP+ and NAD

Answer 26

there is a phosphate group on the 2nd ribose in NADP+

Question 27

ATP synthase

Answer 27

discs of C subunits rotate gamma subunits also rotate - asymettrical forces structural change in B subunit between 3 states - open, loose binding and tight binding

Question 28

action of the Golgi on lysosomal proteins

Answer 28

phosphorylation of mannose

Question 29

direction of protein transport between the Golgi and ER

Answer 29

both dirns

Question 30

measuring the rate of metabolism

Answer 30

estimated using CO2 outpiut

Question 31

input of energy into the body

Answer 31

occurs in large singular doses (meals)

Question 32

why is molecular oxygen the ideal terminal step for electron transport within the chain

Answer 32

it has a high affinity for e-

Question 33

ER signal sequence

Answer 33

at N-terminus of newly formed polypeptide chain that directs the engaged ribosome to the ER membrane

Question 34

tagging of proteins destined for trafficking to lysosomes

Answer 34

mannose is phosphorylated at position 6 | tagged proteins can then be recognised at the mannose-6-phosphate receptor and thereby targeted to lysosomes

Question 35

I-cell disease

Answer 35

from mutations in phosphotransferase enzyme which catalyses the reaction and targets lysosomal enzymes such as lysosomal hydrolase to the lysosome

Question 36

where are proteins sorted into endosomes

Answer 36

the trans-Golgi network

Question 37

Robinow syndrome

Answer 37

ROR2 involved in early formation of chondrocytes and growth plate development lack of cell surface expression due to failure in cell surface trafficking results in dysmorphic facial appearance and vertebral malformations

Question 38

pinocytosis

Answer 38

taking in ECF | non-specific