revision

Question 1

flexion

Answer 1

decrease in relative angle of joint between 2 adjacent segments (bending)

Question 2

extension

Answer 2

increase in relative angle of joint between 2 adjacent segments

Question 3

abduction

Answer 3

away from midline

Question 4

adduction

Answer 4

towards midline

Question 5

medial/internal rotation

Answer 5

anterior surface move towards midline, posterior surface moves away

Question 6

lateral/ external rotation

Answer 6

posterior surface moves towards midline, anterior surface moves away

Question 7

elevation

Answer 7

raising of scapula

Question 8

depression

Answer 8

lowering of scapula

Question 9

protraction

Answer 9

scapula move apart

Question 10

retraction

Answer 10

scapula move towards each other

Question 11

upward rotation

Answer 11

bottom of scapula move away from trunk, too of scapula move towards trunk

Question 12

horizontal adduction

Answer 12

combination of flexion and internal rotation of arm or thigh across midline

Question 13

horizontal abduction

Answer 13

combination of extension and external rotation of arm or thigh away from midline

Question 14

pronation

Answer 14

palm faces down

Question 15

supination

Answer 15

palm faces up

Question 16

lateral flexion

Answer 16

head and trunk tilt sideways

Question 17

plantar flexion

Answer 17

foot moves town

Question 18

dorsiflexion

Answer 18

foot move up

Question 19

inversion

Answer 19

medial border of foot raised so sole of foot faces in

Question 20

eversion

Answer 20

lateral border of foot raised so sole faces out

Question 21

what axis do movements along the sagittal plane occur?

Answer 21

frontal/ mediolateral

flexion
extension

Question 22

what axis do movements along the frontal plane occur?

Answer 22

sagittal/ anteroposterior

abduction
adduction

Question 23

what axis do movements along the transverse plan occur?

Answer 23

vertical

rotation

Question 24

pronation

Answer 24

flat foot
abduction
eversion
dorsiflection

Question 25

supination

Answer 25

high arched adduction inversion plantar flexion

Question 26

what is the plane and axis for plantar and dorsiflexion

Answer 26

sagital plane | mediolateral axis

Question 27

what is the plane and axis for inversion and eversion

Answer 27

frontal plane, anteroposterior axis

Question 28

what is the plane and axis for abduction and adduction

Answer 28

transverse plane | vertical axis

Question 29

lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 29

calcaneus, cuboid, 4th and 5th metatarsals

Question 30

medial longitudinal arch

Answer 30

calculus, talus, navicular, 3 cunnieforms and 3 metatarsals

Question 31

transverse arch

Answer 31

metatarsal bases, cuboid, 3 cunnieoform

Question 32

plantar fassicits

Answer 32

inflammation of fibrous tissue along the bottom of the foot

Question 33

active insufficiency

Answer 33

multi joint muscle reaches shortened length where it can no longer apply effective force

Question 34

passive insufficiency

Answer 34

muscle cannot stretch anymore | inability of multi joint muscle to lengthen to a degree that allows full range of motion of all the joints in crosses

Question 35

mechanical advantage

Answer 35

effort arm / resistance

Question 36

sections of the spine

Answer 36

``` cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccyx ```

Question 37

what muscles are responsible for lumbar flexion

Answer 37

rectus abdominals internal obliques external oblique

Question 38

upper cross syndrome

Answer 38

kyphosis | rounded shoulders, curve in upper body

Question 39

lower cross syndrome

Answer 39

lumbar lombrosis excessive inward curve imbalances of tight

Question 40

name the rotator cuff muscles

Answer 40

supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis

Question 41

what is stress

Answer 41

measure of a materials ability to resist force

Question 42

what is strain

Answer 42

deformation

Question 43

what factors maintain the arches of the foot?

Answer 43

``` wedge shaped bones ligaments on plantar surface plantar aponeurosis intrinsic muscles long muscles ```

Question 44

force velocity relationship for concentric actions

Answer 44

as shortening velocity increases, cycling rate of cross bridges increases so fewer attached at one time and so decrease in force

Question 45

force velocity relationship for eccentric actions

Answer 45

increase velocity lengthening, increased force

Question 46

hills model

Answer 46

contractile components e.g actin and myosin generate active tension elastic components generate passive. parallel elastic such as connective tissue store elastic energy, series such as tendons transmit

Question 47

what length is a muscle when it generates the highest force

Answer 47

100-120% resting length active tension reduced when muscle activated at elongated lengths and shorter lengths

Question 48

what is the angle of pull

Answer 48

angle between insertion and bone on which it inserts

Question 49

what are the components of muscle force

Answer 49

stabilising/ dislocating component - acts parallel to the bone, pulling it into or away from joint rotary - acts perpendicular

Question 50

what is a spurt muscle

Answer 50

insertion closer to joint than origin (rotate)

Question 51

what is a shunt muscle

Answer 51

origin closer to joint than insertion (stabilising)

Question 52

2 joint muscles

Answer 52

can't produce full range of motion at both joints simultaneously

Question 53

when does movement occur in terms of levers

Answer 53

when the effort is greater than the resistance

Question 54

torque

Answer 54

force x perpendicular distance from joint

Question 55

1st class lever

Answer 55

effort fulcrum resistance

Question 56

2nd class lever

Answer 56

fulcrum resistance effort

Question 57

3rd class lever

Answer 57

fulcrum effort resistance

Question 58

how do you calculate mechanical advantage

Answer 58

effort arm/ resistance arm

Question 59

mechanical advantage gained by leverage

Answer 59

effort arm greater than resistance arm - less force applied to move resistance resistance arm greater than effort arm, small movement over lever with greater speed and range of motion

Question 60

what muscles are responsible for elbow flexion?

Answer 60

biceps brachii

Question 61

what muscles are responsible for knee flexion?

Answer 61

sartorius biceps femoris semimembraneous semitendinosus

Question 62

what muscles are responsible for lumbar flexion?

Answer 62

external obliques rectus abdominals internal obliques

Question 63

what muscles are responsible for knee extension

Answer 63

rectus femoris

Question 64

medial longitudinal arch

Answer 64

``` calcaneus talus navicular cuneiforms 1-3 metatarsals ```

Question 65

lateral longitudinal ach

Answer 65

calcaneus cuboid 4th and 5th metatarsals

Question 66

transverse arch

Answer 66

cuboid | cuneiforms

Question 67

what are osteogenic cells

Answer 67

unspecialised cells in periosteum, endosperm and canals that contain blood vessels