Revision flashcards

Question 1

What is acceleration?

Answer 1

A change in velocity over time measured in m/s^2

Question 2

Acceleration formula

Answer 2

A = v/t - u/t (v = final speed, u = initial speed)

Question 3

What is velocity?

Answer 3

Rate AND direction of an objects movement

Question 4

Force =

Answer 4

Mass x Acceleration

Question 5

Acceleration relations to force and mass

Answer 5

Acceleration of object directly related to net force and inversely related (working in opposite nature) to mass.

Question 6

More mass needs…

Answer 6

More force to accelerate it

Question 7

Greater force means…

Answer 7

Greater object acceleration

Question 8

Newton’s first law

Answer 8

An object at rest will stay at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity unless acted in by an external net force.

Question 9

Newton’s second law of motion

Answer 9

The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object multiplied by its acceleration (f = ma) or the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass.

Question 10

Newton’s third law of motion

Answer 10

For every ‘action’ force there is an equal and opposite ‘reaction’ force

Question 11

IVF definition

Answer 11

Process which fertilisation takes place outside the body (in vitro/in glass) and embryo is implanted into the uterus for development.

Question 12

IVF purpose

Answer 12

• Redefined human procreation
• Developed to aid infertile couples (can also help queer or single parents)
• Recent technological advancements refining process increased success rates

Question 13

Cloning definition

Answer 13

Technique used to make a genetically identical copy of an organism, so 100% of genetic information comes from one individual.

Question 14

Two types of cloning and their definitions

Answer 14

Natural clones: type of asexual reproduction where organism’s embryo splits in two each with copy of genetic material to form identical twins (e.g strawberries) or binary fission (bacteria)

Reproductive clones: artificial, deliberate reproduction of genetically identical individuals (e.g. Dolly the Sheep)

Question 15

Stem cells definition

Answer 15

Undifferentiated cells without specific function or structure. When differentiated —> becomes more specialised cell type and changes structure according to new function.

Question 16

Two types of stem cells and their definitions

Answer 16

Adult/somatic cells: Multipotent, differentiates into all cell types within ONE lineage (the tissue or organ they reside in); found in various tissues (i.e. bone marrow or fat)

Embryonic cells: pluripotent, able to develop into any different cell type within body; found in germ layers of early stage embryos (blastocysts)

Question 17

IVF advantages

Answer 17

• Enables an infertile couple to have a baby
• Able to control timing of conception
• Genetic screening reduces risk of passing genetic disorders and unwanted conditions

Question 18

IVF disadvantages

Answer 18

• Expensive (approx. 15 000 - 30 000) often not covered by insurance
• Physically taxing due to hormonal treatments and procedures
• Higher chance of multiple birth risk which increases risks for mother and babies

Question 19

Cloning advantages

Answer 19

• Allows scientists to study gene function and diseases in controlled manner —> enhanced understanding of biological systems and potential to treat human diseases
• In agriculture, allows for breeding of farm animals with desirable traits
• Can preserve endangered species

Question 20

Cloning disadvantages

Answer 20

• Cloned animals increased health issues (developmental abnormalities and shortened lifespans)
• Reduces genetic diversity, negatively impacting adaptability and resilience of populations.

Question 21

Stem cells advantages and examples

Answer 21

• Potential to treat diseases and injuries
• Somatic cells: Bone marrow transplantation to treat leukaemia
• Embryonic cells: can be turned into insulin producing cells for those with type 1 diabetes

Question 22

Stem cells disadvantages

Answer 22

• Cell mutations have risk of turning into cancer cells
• Can be rejected by patient’s immune system if cells from donor —> leads to inflammation and potential destruction of foreign cells perceived as threat by patient’s body
• Usage of stem cells and research expensive (e.g. bone marrow transplantations $100 000 - $800 000)

Question 23

IVF social and ethical issues

Answer 23

• Usually involves creation of multiple embryos to increase chance of pregnancy (raises issues of what to do with surplus unwanted embryos)
• Can donate to other or scientists, freeze or discard them
• Discarding embryos unethical to those who believe life begins at conception (sanctity of life in Christianity)
• Screening embryos to create designer babies leading to societal disadvantage for those who can’t use IVF

Question 24

Cloning societal and ethical issues

Answer 24

• Violates sanctity of life by artificially creating life
• If human cloning legal: inferior to original?, loss of individuality, exploited for organ harvesting, unknown trauma and psychological impacts
• How would misuse of this technology be controlled if human cloning legalised and who is authorised to make these rulings?
• Animal welfare and risk of health problems and lower life expectancy seen as abuse and cruelty.

Question 25

Ovary function

Answer 25

Releases egg during menstrual cycle (ovulation), makes progesterone and oestrogen hormones

Question 26

Fallopian tube function

Answer 26

Channel for egg transport and fertilisation which makes its way to uterus. If fertilised, first cell divisions of zygote occur here.

Question 27

Uterus

Answer 27

Where fertilised egg (zygote) implants during pregnancy and baby develops (gestation).

Question 28

Vagina

Answer 28

Provides passageway for blood and mucosal tissue from uterus to leave body during menstrual period. Allows for introduction of male gamete (sperm) and allows newborn to exit uterus.

Question 29

Testes function

Answer 29

Makes sperm, produces hormone testosterone

Question 30

Scrotum

Answer 30

Thick sac of skin surrounding testicles to protect testes

Question 31

Urethra function

Answer 31

tube allowing urine to pass outside body

Question 32

Penis

Answer 32

Becomes erect during intercourse to maximise potential for sperm to reach ova, also used for urination.

Question 33

In reproduction, how are traits passed from one generation to the next?

Answer 33

- DNA is hereditary material, carries genetic information in form of genes - Genes = specific sequences of DNA and determine traits and characteristics of an organism - During reproduction, DNA from parents combined and passed to offspring --> child inherits traits from both parents - Sperm (male gamete) and egg (female gamete) fertilises and zygote forms. - Zygote divides by mitosis and develops from one diploid parent cell to produce two new diploid daughter cells containing 50% of genetic material from each parent (23 chromosomes from each parent, 46 total in cell), resulting in combination distinct from both parents

Question 34

Stem cells societal and ethical issues

Answer 34

- Destroying embryonic cell violates sanctity of life - Requires highly complex healthcare systems, only wealthy countries can afford, widens inequalities between third and first world countries. - Unknown potentially dangerous risks and side-effects as stem cell research is recently new (balancing medical advancements with risks of stem cell treatment/research) - Exploitation of patients if they do not make informed choices and do it with hope of recovery

Question 35

Biotechnology definition

Answer 35

Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human health and society.

Question 36

Process of IVF

Answer 36

- Ovarian stimulation hormone therapy to help ovaries produce one or more eggs for release - Egg retrieval from woman's ovary using needle - Sperm collection from male, washed and concentrated - Fertilisation of egg and sperm in vitro and cells divide to form an embryo - Embryo implanted into woman's uterus or surrogate

Question 37

Cloning process and steps

Answer 37

- Take body cell with complete set of DNA from organism which is being cloned (somatic cell donor) - Retrieve egg cell from egg donor - Remove nucleus and all DNA from egg cells - Transfer nucleus and DNA from body cell and fuse it with egg cell using electrical current - Implant egg into surrogate mother to grow to be identical to somatic cell donor

Question 38

C in CRAAP Test

Answer 38

Currency - When info published - Recently updated? - Does topic require old or new info

Question 39

R in CRAAP Test

Answer 39

Relevance - Does info answer question - Who is intended audience - Is it comprehension level appropriate for audience - Would you use in your research paper

Question 40

First A in CRAAP Test

Answer 40

Authority - Who is author/organisation - What are authors or organisations credentials - Is author qualified - Is there personal contact information - URL link .com, .edu, .gov etc.

Question 41

Second A in CRAAP Test

Answer 41

Accuracy - Where does info come from - Is info supported by evidence - Reviewed by anyone? - Verified by other sources? - Is it unbiased - Any spelling/grammar errors?

Question 42

P in CRAAP Test

Answer 42

Purpose - to inform, teach, sell, entertain, or persuade? - are authors intentions clear - is information fact, opinion, or propaganda - Is pov impartial - Any political, cultural, religious or institutional biases?

Question 43

DNA replication process

Answer 43

1. Helicase unzips DNA double-helix, breaks hydrogen bonds 2. Exposed bases from unzipping not paired up 3. Primase constructs RNA primer at 3' end of each strand 4. Floating nucleotides around nucleus moves in the build DNA strand 5. DNA polymerase attaches to primer 6. Okazaki fragments created on lagging strand where gaps occur as DNA polymerase can only build in one direction, it is not constantly travelling like leading strand and has to be built where unwinding is happening 7. Ligase enzyme seals gap between fragments 8. Two identical double-helix DNA molecules created with one original DNA strand and one new one

Question 44

Watson-Crick model

Answer 44

- Proposes DNA as double helical structure; two complementary strands which are anti-parallel. - Demonstrates how DNA strands pair and replicate accurately and how DNA carries genetic information. - Shows how hydrogen bonds pair nitrogenous bases; speicifc pairing important for replication process --> ensures each strand can serve as template for creating a new complementary strand. - Suggests semi-conservative replication, where two-stranded DNA has two templates for replication. - Model shows fundamental of complementary base pairings allowing for generations of scientists to understand DNA structure, encoded genes, and molecular basis of heredity.