Revision for Test One (NS, Brain, Genes, Hormones, Drugs, Heredity)

Question 1

Central Nervous System (Structure)

Answer 1

Brain & Spinal cord

Question 2

Central Nervous System (Function)

Answer 2

Receives & Transmits info to and from PNS

Question 3

Brain (Structure)

Answer 3

3 parts; Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

Question 4

Brain (Function)

Answer 4

Command & Control Centre

Question 5

Spinal Cord (Function)

Answer 5

Receives info from PNS, transmits it to the CNS; Receives info from the brain, sends it to other parts of the body (via PNS)

Question 6

Peripheral NS (Structure)

Answer 6

All other nerves; Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 7

Peripheral NS (Function)

Answer 7

Transmits messages to and from the CNS

Question 8

Somatic NS (Function)

Answer 8

Receives sensory info from organs (e.g. skin & ears) and communicates info via the sensory nerves to the CNS & motor messages from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

Question 9

Autonomic NS (Structure)

Answer 9

System of nerves connected to the heart, glands and smooth muscles

Question 10

Autonomic NS (Function)

Answer 10

Network of neurons transmitting messages between brain and smooth muscles (found in heart, lungs, blood vessels & glands) via the spinal cord; Involuntary moves.

Question 10

Autonomic NS (Function)

Answer 10

Network of neurons transmitting messages between brain and smooth muscles (found in heart, lungs, blood vessels & glands) via the spinal cord; Involuntary moves.

Question 11

Sympathetic NS (function)

Answer 11

Arouses body to perform, act or react; fight, flight or freeze.

Question 12

Parasympathetic (function)

Answer 12

Calms the body down to conserve energy; Rest & Digest; Takes over for normal day-to-day living & maintains normal bodily functions

Question 13

Frontal Lobe (Role & what this lobe contains)

Answer 13

Voluntary movement, language & managing higher-level executive functions.
Contains:
Broca’s Area
Primary Motor Cortex

Question 14

Broca’s Area

Answer 14

Speech Production - regulates breathing patterns while speaking and vocalisations required for normal speech.

Question 15

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 15

Control voluntary movements through control of skeletal muscles

Question 16

Parietal Lobe (Role & what this lobe contains)

Answer 16

Processes bodily sensations (touch (pressure and temp)) Helps you to understand where you are in relation to other things that your senses are picking up around you. SPATIAL AWARENESS
Contains:
Primary sensory cortex

Question 17

Primary Sensory Cortex

Answer 17

Receives sensory input from the somatic senses & contributes to the integration of sensory and motor signals necessary for skilled movement.

Question 18

Occipital Lobe (Role & what this lobe contains)

Answer 18

Vision (Visual perception)
Contains:
Primary Visual Cortex

Question 19

Primary Visual Cortex

Answer 19

Receives, segments and integrates visual information
(Processes the visual information to be sent to another area of the brain)

Question 20

Temporal Lobe (Role & what this lobe contains)

Answer 20

Processes auditory information and the encoding of memory.
Contains:
Wernicke’s area
Primary Auditory Cortex

Question 21

Wernicke’s area

Answer 21

Comprehension of speech (area contains motor neurons) connected to Broca’s Area through the ARCUATE FASCICULUS

Question 22

Primary Auditory Cortex

Answer 22

Integrating and processing complex auditory signals

Question 23

Epigenetics

Answer 23

Study of the transmission of information from one generation to the next through genetic inheritance that affects the traits of the offspring without alteration of the DNA or alteration that occurs from environmental factors.

Question 24

Adrenaline (effects) Is it a neurotransmitter or a hormone?

Answer 24

Both. Effects as: Neurotransmitter: metabolism, attention, focus, panic and excitement (small amount produced) Hormone: (EPINEPHRINE) responder to stress - causes a fight, flight or freeze response.

Question 25

Noradrenaline (effects) Is it a neurotransmitter or a hormone?

Answer 25

Acts as both Is a chemical messenger that helps transmit nerve signals across nerve endings to another nerve cell, muscle cell or gland cell. Increases & maintains blood pressure, increases blood sugar levels to provide more energy to the body

Question 26

3 Differences between Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and Adrenaline (epinephrine)

Answer 26

1. N has a more specific action, working mainly on alpha receptors to increase and maintain blood pressure VS. E(pinephrine) has more wide-ranging effects. 2. N is continuously released into circulation at LOW levels VS. E is only released during times of stress. 3. N is both a hormone & neurotransmitter of the sympathetic NS VS. E is mainly made in the adrenal medulla so acts more like a hormone, but small amounts are made in nerve fibres acting as a neurotransmitter.

Question 27

3 Differences between Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and Adrenaline (epinephrine)

Answer 27

1. N has a more specific action, working mainly on alpha receptors to increase and maintain blood pressure VS. E(pinephrine) has more wide-ranging effects. 2. N is continuously released into circulation at LOW levels VS. E is only released during times of stress. 3. N is both a hormone & neurotransmitter of the sympathetic NS VS. E is mainly made in the adrenal medulla so acts more like a hormone, but small amounts are made in nerve fibres acting as a neurotransmitter

Question 28

Psychoactive Drugs

Answer 28

Substances that affect mental processes

Question 29

Depressant Def & example

Answer 29

Calms activity of NS & slows the body's functions - Alcohol

Question 30

Stimulants Def & Example

Answer 30

Excites the NS & arouse body function - Caffeine

Question 31

Hallucinogens Def & example

Answer 31

Change our perceptions & gives use sensory images without input from the senses themselves - LSD

Question 32

Broca's Aphasia

Answer 32

Defict in language production

Question 33

Reticular Formation

Answer 33

Complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay centre for vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival.

Question 34

Aphasia

Answer 34

Inability to comprehend or formulate language due to damage to specific brain regions.

Question 35

Broca's Aphasia

Answer 35

Aphasia type characterised by partial loss of the ability to produce language (manual, spoken and written) - comprehension generally remains intact. Exhibits: Effortful speech - includes important content words but leaves out function words that have more grammatical significance than physical meaning such as prepositions and articles.

Question 36

Alexia

Answer 36

Inability to comprehend written material. Ability to write and the spell is intact - but unable to spontaneously read (even if written seconds ago). Other features of language such as speech comprehension are usually intact. Damage most often involves the left occipital lobe.

Question 37

Agraphia

Answer 37

Acquired neurological disorder Loss in ability to communicate through writing (due to some form of motor dysfunction or inability to spell). Causes: Strokes, lesions, traumatic brain injury, and dementia. - There are many causes.

Question 38

Wernicke's Aphasia

Answer 38

Ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words and sentences is impaired but ease of producing connected speech is not very affected. - Can produce many words (grammatically correct w/ normal rate) but they often don't make sense or sentences are peppered with non-existent or irrelevant words. - May fail to realise they're using the wrong words and not fully aware that what they say doesn't make sense.

Question 39

Heredity def

Answer 39

Passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents

Question 40

Hormone

Answer 40

Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands. Travel through bloodstream and affects other parts of the body. In the brain they influence interest in food, sex, our moods and our growth.

Question 41

Hippocampus Function

Answer 41

regulating LEARNING, MEMORY encoding, MEMORY consolidation and SPATIAL navigation

Question 42

Limbic system

Answer 42

Part of brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses (survival functions - feeding, repro, caring for young & fight or flight responses)

Question 43

Sensory Neuron

Answer 43

Sends sensory signals from sensory organs to CNS

Question 44

Motor Neurons

Answer 44

Sends motor commands from the CNS to sensory organs to initiate actions

Question 45

What Neurotransmitter do both Somatic & Autonomic have?

Answer 45

ACETYLCHOLINE

Question 46

Serotonin

Answer 46

Controls mood and is responsible for happiness

Question 47

Dopamine

Answer 47

Allows you to feel pleasure, satisfaction and motivation