Revision lecture diabetes mellitus Flashcards
Symptoms of Diabetes mellitus?
Polyuria(Increased glucose in the blood, excreted in the urine), polydypsia(Replace lost water from urine), weight loss (glucose can’t enter cells so can’t produce fat)
Also Acetone smell on breath
3 investigations for diabetes>
Randon plasma glucose
fasting plasma glucose
Hb1Ac
What are the values indicating diabetes for the investigations?
Random plasma glucose- >11.1mmol/L
Fasting plasma glucose- >7.1 mmol/L
HbA1c- 6.5% of all Hb
What is HbA1c
non enzymatically glycosylated haeoglobin
What is a complication of diabetes mellitus? Describe how this comes about
Ketoacidosis
high rate of β oxidation in the liver of fats
sinceyou have no insulin, large amount of ketone bodies
Acidic, so ketoacidosis
Describe the symptoms of ketoacidosis
Hyperventilation Nausea Vomiting Dehydration Abdo pain
What is the pathology behind Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Autoimmune destruction of β cells
leads to a lack of insulin production
How does the presentation of type 1 diabetes differ to that of type 2 diabetes?
Type 1- You get polyphagia, fatigue, weight loss and the acetone breath
not in type 2
How would you treat type 1 and 2 diabetes?
Type 1- insulin
type 2- Lifestyle modifcations first. Then antiglycaemics (metformin). if all else fails, insulin
Patient characteristics of diabetes?
Type 1- Young, fam history
Type 2- Older, obese
Describe 5 complication of diabetes?
neuropathy, nephropathy, stroke, MI and peripheral vascular disease
why are diabetes likely to get a foot abcess, contract a UTI and have recurrent infections?
Get a foot abscess?
● Neuropathy → fail to notice cut → infection
Contract a UTI?
● Glucosuria → favourable environment for pathogens
Have recurrent infections?
● Chronic hyperglycaemia → down-regulation of
immune system
