revolution, renaissance and reformation Flashcards
(41 cards)
What is the Renaissance?
A cultural movement that emphasized a rebirth of classical knowledge, art, and learning.
What is a city-state?
Independent cities in Italy (like Florence or Venice) that had their own governments and were centers of trade and culture.
What is Florence known for?
An Italian city-state central to the Renaissance; birthplace of many artists and thinkers.
Who were the Medici?
Wealthy and powerful banking family in Florence; patrons of the arts and influential in politics.
What is humanism?
Intellectual movement focusing on human potential, achievements, and the study of classical texts.
What is secularism?
Focus on worldly, non-religious subjects and values.
What is individualism?
Emphasis on the worth and achievements of the individual.
What is classicism?
Admiration and imitation of Greco-Roman art, architecture, and literature.
Who is Leonardo da Vinci?
A Renaissance polymath known for art (like the Mona Lisa) and scientific studies.
What is perspective in art?
Artistic technique to show depth/distance.
What is linear perspective?
Parallel lines converge at a vanishing point.
What is systematic perspective?
Structured way to create three-dimensional space.
What is atmospheric perspective?
Distant objects appear hazier or lighter.
What is a vanishing point?
The point where parallel lines meet on the horizon; key in linear perspective.
What is realism in art?
Artistic style aiming to depict subjects accurately and truthfully.
What was the Reformation?
A religious movement challenging the Catholic Church, leading to Protestant Christianity.
What is the printing press?
Invention that allowed mass production of books; helped spread Reformation ideas quickly.
Who is Johann Gutenberg?
Inventor of the printing press (around 1440).
Who is Machiavelli?
Renaissance political thinker who wrote The Prince, advising rulers to use pragmatic, sometimes ruthless methods.
What is vernacular?
Everyday language spoken by ordinary people (e.g., German, English), used to spread Reformation texts.
What is an indulgence?
A payment to the Catholic Church that promised to reduce punishment for sins.
What does secular mean?
Non-religious; often used to describe Renaissance values or political changes.
Who is Martin Luther?
German monk who started the Protestant Reformation by criticizing church practices, especially indulgences.
Who is John Calvin?
Reformer who believed in predestination; founded Calvinism.
