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RFI cancer research > RFI midterm > Flashcards

RFI midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Study & manipulation of living things or their components

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2
Q

What is data?

A

Information gathered during an experiment

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3
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Testable prediction to a scientific question

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4
Q

What is a journal?

A

Scientific magazine in which scientists publish their experiments

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5
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

DNA from 2 or more source organisms in 1 molecule

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6
Q

What is a variable?

A

A factor that gets manipulated during an experiment

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7
Q

What are the steps in the process development of a pharma product?

A

Product ID,
R&D,
Small scale manufacture, Tests for safety & efficacy, Manufacturing (at a normal scale),
Sales marketing

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8
Q

What are federal agencies involved in biotechnology?

A

FDA: Food & Drugs, EPA: Environment, USDA: meats & dairy

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9
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long DNA molecule wrapped around histone proteins

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10
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Large molecules composed of repeating smaller molecules

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11
Q

What are organelles?

A

Specialized membrane bound structures with certain functions in the cell

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12
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Process in which plants & algae use light energy to make chemical energy

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13
Q

What are proteins?

A

Macromolecules composed of amino acids bound by peptide bonds

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14
Q

What are eukaryotic organisms?

A

Animals, plants, fungi & protozoa

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15
Q

What are prokaryotic organisms?

A

Organisms without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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16
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone that regulates metabolism

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17
Q

What is CD4?

A

Glycoprotein T-cell receptor

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18
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Protein that transports oxygen in the blood

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19
Q

What is keratin?

A

Structural, fibrous proteins

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20
Q

What is amylase?

A

Enzyme that catalyzes starch to sugars

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21
Q

What does aqueous mean?

A

Water is the solvent in the solution

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22
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A solution that resists change in pH

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23
Q

What is concentration?

A

Proportion of solute to solvent

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24
Q

What is dilution?

A

Addition of solvent to make the solution less concentrated

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25
What is a micropipette?
Under 1 mL
26
What is a pipet?
1-20 mL
27
What is a graduated cylinder?
Larger volumes 1-1000 mL
28
What is a tabletop balance?
1-100 grams
29
What is an analytical balance?
Under 1 gram
30
What is the equation for mass?
Concentration x volume = mass
31
What is the equation for mass using molecular weight?
Volume x concentration (mol/L) x molecular weight = mass
32
What is the equation for mass using decimal value?
Decimal value x volume = mass
33
What is an enhancer?
Region of DNA that increases gene expression
34
What is an exon?
A section of gene that gets expressed
35
What is gel electrophoresis?
Using electricity to separate molecules on a gel slab
36
What is gene therapy?
Process of correcting DNA codes that cause genetic disorders
37
What are the steps of genetic engineering?
Identify a molecule to enhance, Isolate a gene of interest, Transfer the gene into host organism
38
What is agarose electrophoresis?
Method to separate larger DNA fragments
39
What is polyacrylamide electrophoresis?
To separate smaller molecules like proteins
40
What is an epitope?
Specific region on antigen where an antibody will bind
41
What are hybridomas?
Immortal tumor cells fused with specific white blood cells that produce monoclonal antibodies
42
What is PAGE?
Method of separating DNA or proteins using a vertical gel made of polyacrylamide
43
What are the steps in PAGE?
Coomasie blue stain, Buffer to conduct electricity, Loading dye to visualize samples & monitor sample migration polyacrylamide percentage
44
What is polyacrylamide percentage?
Choose a certain percent to achieve best separation → start with gradient
45
What is translation in biotechnology?
RNA nucleotide code is used to make a polypeptide
46
What is the primary structure of a protein?
A chain of amino acids bonded through peptide bonds
47
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
Hydrogen bonding between carboxyl group and alpha amino acids for beta pleated and alpha helices
48
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
Folding due to interactions between non-polar & polar amino acids
49
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
Disulfide bonds between different polypeptide chains
50
What is the goal of a biotech company?
Provide a product or service that is useful to society and profit
51
What is a product pipeline?
An assortment of products at various stages of development that need to be reviewed regularly
52
Where can biotech research labs be found?
In companies, universities, and government agencies
53
What is recombinant DNA technology?
Branch of science started when they found out how to cut and paste pieces of DNA
54
What is agricultural biotech?
To make transgenic crops
55
What is a scientific notebook?
Hypothesis, experimental plan, and data
56
What was the first biotech pharma product?
t-PA activator - dissolves blood clots
57
What are membrane proteins?
Transport molecules in & out of the cell, Identify & recognize other molecules, Maintain cell shape
58
What is translation in the context of mRNA?
Amino acids are connected together in the order specified by the mRNA
59
What is recombinant insulin?
Causes less allergies & works well in humans & is more readily available
60
What is cell specialization?
Different cell types perform different functions
61
What is glucose?
A monosaccharide that gives us a lot of energy
62
What are phospholipids?
Have hydrophobic tails & hydrophilic heads
63
What are carbohydrates in the context of DNA isolation?
Interfere with the purification process during DNA isolation
64
How many different proteins are there?
2000 different proteins
65
What is tap water used for in a lab?
Only to wash glassware
66
4 different types of product categories.
Pharmaceuticals/ medical products Agricultural products industrial/ environmental products Research or production instruments

RFI cancer research (9 decks)

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